Prostate cancer
Prostate cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system below the . Abnormal growth of prostate is usually detected through tests, typically blood tests that check for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. Those with high levels of PSA in their blood are at increased risk for developing prostate cancer.
Underlined words are explained — tap any of them.
Symptoms — what it feels like
- ·Typically none. Sometimes, trouble urinating, erectile , or pain in the back/.
How it's found
- ·PSA test followed by
Treatment
- ·Active surveillance, prostatectomy, therapy, therapy,
Outlook
- ·Five-year survival rates range from 30 to 99%, depending on stage.
A European-trained for prostate cancer flags 29.4% of Punjabi (Lahore) people as high-risk - vs the 10% it was designed for. That's a 2.9x mis-stratification: the score's 'average' is set to European , so it systematically mis-reads South Asians (a +0.67 SD mean shift).
A study that would help: Recalibrate PGS000067 on an Indian (define the threshold on South-Asian, not European, risk) and quantify how many people get correctly re-classified. A concrete, fundable validation study once a genotyped+phenotyped Indian sample is in hand.