Prostate cancer
cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system below the . Abnormal growth of prostate is usually detected through tests, typically blood tests that check for prostate-specific (PSA) levels. Those with high levels of PSA in their blood are at increased risk for developing prostate cancer.
Underlined words are explained — tap any of them.
Symptoms — what it feels like
- ·Typically none. Sometimes, trouble urinating, , or pain in the back/.
How it's found
- ·PSA test followed by
Treatment
- ·Active surveillance, prostatectomy, therapy, therapy,
Outlook
- ·Five-year survival rates range from 30 to 99%, depending on stage.
Who a European-built risk score flags as “high-risk”
The score (PGS000067) was tuned so 10% of Europeanscross the “high-risk” line (the dashed mark). Bars reaching past it are over-flagged; bars well short are under-flagged — either way the ruler is mis-set for that group.
Share above the European top-10% cutoff. The All-India row is computed on GenomeIndia (≈10,000 genomes); the per-subpopulation rows on 1000 Genomes. Analytical mean-shift, not validated against Indian outcomes. See methods.
The sections below are general education drawn from public guidelines (NHS, Mayo, CPIC, WHO, ICMR). They are not individually reviewed by a clinician and are not medical advice — always talk to a doctor about your own health.
When to see a doctor
See a doctor if you need to pass urine more often (especially at night), have trouble starting or a weak flow, feel you cannot fully empty, or have blood in your urine or semen. These are common with age and often not cancer, but they should be checked.
Get prompt care if you cannot pass urine at all with a painful full bladder, or have new bone pain with unexplained weight loss. If prostate or breast cancer runs in your family, mention it early.
General guidance, not a diagnosis. When in doubt, see a doctor.
Questions to ask your doctor
- ?Which tests, like a PSA blood test or examination, do I need?
- ?Given my family history and background, what is my risk?
- ?What do my test results mean?
- ?Which symptoms need urgent attention?
- ?How often should I be checked from now on?
- ?What are the pros and cons of screening for me?
What to note before your visit
- ·when urinary symptoms started and how often they happen
- ·any blood in urine or semen
- ·family history of prostate or breast cancer
- ·current medicines you take
A European-trained for cancer flags 29.4% of Punjabi (Lahore) people as high-risk - vs the 10% it was designed for. That's a 2.9x : the score's 'average' is set to European , so it systematically mis-reads South Asians (a +0.67 SD ).
A study that would help: PGS000067 on an Indian (define the threshold on South-Asian, not European, risk) and quantify how many people get correctly . A concrete, fundable validation study once a + Indian sample is in hand.