H. pylori infection
Helicobacter pylori, previously known as Campylobacter pylori, is a gram-negative best known for its role in infecting the human stomach, often causing and sometimes stomach cancer. Its helical body is thought to have evolved to penetrate the lining of the stomach, helped by its flagella, and thereby establish . Mutants can have a rod or curved rod shape that exhibits less virulence. While many earlier reports of an association between and gastric ulcers had existed, such as the works of John Lykoudis, it was only in 1983 when the bacterium was formally described for the first time as the causal agent of gastric ulcers by Australian physician-scientists Barry Marshall and Robin Warren. In 2005, the pair was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery.
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