{ "meta": { "count": 1049, "note": "Plain + student definitions for medical terms in the D2I2 corpus. Generated by 10 parallel agents over genome_lexicon_candidates.json." }, "terms": { "abdomen": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The part of the body between the chest and the hips, holding the stomach and other organs.", "student": "It's your belly area, the space below your chest that holds the stomach, gut, and more. We often just call it the tummy.", "term": "abdomen" }, "abdominal": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Having to do with the belly area, where the stomach and other organs sit.", "student": "This just means anything to do with your tummy region, the part between your chest and hips that holds your gut.", "term": "abdominal" }, "abscess": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A swollen pocket of pus that forms in the body when it fights off an infection.", "student": "A sore, pus-filled lump that builds up where the body is battling germs. Think of it as a walled-off pocket of the fight.", "term": "abscess" }, "abscesses": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Painful pockets of pus that form in the body when it fights an infection trapped in one spot.", "student": "When germs get trapped, the body walls them off and fills the pocket with pus. These pus-filled lumps are the result.", "term": "abscesses" }, "acantholysis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "The loss of the glue-like connections between skin cells, causing the skin to blister.", "student": "When the natural glue holding skin cells together fails, the layers come apart and form fragile blisters.", "term": "acantholysis" }, "acanthosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A thickening of the skin, often forming dark, velvety patches in body folds.", "student": "When patches of skin, often around the neck or armpits, turn thick, dark, and velvety.", "term": "acanthosis" }, "accumulate": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "To build up and collect in larger amounts over time.", "student": "To pile up bit by bit, like fluid or a substance gathering in the body until there's a lot.", "term": "accumulate" }, "acetaminophen": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "A common medicine that lowers fever and eases mild pain.", "student": "An everyday medicine, also called paracetamol, that brings down fever and soothes mild aches.", "term": "acetaminophen" }, "achlorhydria": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A condition where the stomach makes little or no acid for digestion.", "student": "When the stomach can't make its usual acid, so it struggles to break down food and absorb some nutrients.", "term": "achlorhydria" }, "achondroplasia": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "A genetic condition affecting bone growth, the most common cause of short stature.", "student": "A condition you are born with that slows how long bones grow, so a person is much shorter than average.", "term": "achondroplasia" }, "acidemia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When the blood becomes too acidic, upsetting the body's chemistry.", "student": "The blood turns more sour, or acidic, than it should, which can make the whole body work poorly.", "term": "acidemia" }, "acidosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A state where the blood and body fluids become too acidic.", "student": "The body keeps a careful acid balance. When it tips too acidic, organs struggle to work.", "term": "acidosis" }, "acrocyanosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A bluish colour of the hands and feet caused by poor blood flow to them.", "student": "When the hands and feet turn bluish because blood is not flowing well to those far corners of the body.", "term": "acrocyanosis" }, "activation": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Switching a cell or system on so it starts doing its job.", "student": "Turning something on, like waking up immune cells so they start fighting germs.", "term": "activation" }, "adamantinoma": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "A rare, slow-growing bone cancer that usually appears in the shin bone.", "student": "A rare, slow bone cancer that most often forms in the shin, showing up as a lump or ache.", "term": "adamantinoma" }, "adenocarcinoma": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "A type of cancer that begins in the gland cells that make fluids like mucus.", "student": "A cancer that starts in the body's fluid-making gland cells, the kind lining organs like the gut, lungs or breast.", "term": "adenocarcinoma" }, "adenoma": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "A non-cancerous growth that starts in gland tissue.", "student": "A lump grows from gland cells. It usually isn't cancer, but it can still cause trouble by its size.", "term": "adenoma" }, "adenomyosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A condition where the inner lining of the womb grows into its muscle wall.", "student": "The tissue that lines the womb pushes into its muscle, causing heavy and painful periods.", "term": "adenomyosis" }, "adrenal": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to two small glands sitting on top of the kidneys that make hormones like adrenaline.", "student": "About the little glands perched on each kidney that release chemicals, including the one that revs you up when you're scared or excited.", "term": "adrenal" }, "adult-onset": { "category": "other", "plain": "Describing a condition that first appears in adulthood rather than in childhood.", "student": "Used for an illness that starts when someone is already grown up, not back when they were a child.", "term": "adult-onset" }, "agenesis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When a body part never forms while a baby is growing in the womb.", "student": "Sometimes a body part just does not grow at all before a baby is born, so the person is born without it.", "term": "agenesis" }, "airway": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The passage that carries air from the nose and mouth down into the lungs.", "student": "The tunnel air travels through to reach your lungs, like a straw connecting your mouth to your breathing bags.", "term": "airway" }, "airways": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The tubes that carry air from the nose and mouth down into the lungs.", "student": "The passages air travels through to reach your lungs, like a set of pipes running from your nose to your chest.", "term": "airways" }, "albendazole": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "A medicine that kills worms and some parasites living inside the body.", "student": "A tablet doctors give to get rid of worms or tiny parasites that infect the body.", "term": "albendazole" }, "albuminuria": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Leaking of a blood protein called albumin into the urine, a sign of kidney trouble.", "student": "When a protein that should stay in your blood escapes into your pee, hinting the kidney filters are damaged.", "term": "albuminuria" }, "alcoholism": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A condition in which a person cannot stop drinking alcohol even when it is harming their health and life.", "student": "When someone's body and mind get so hooked on alcohol that they can't stop, even though it's clearly hurting them, that's this.", "term": "alcoholism" }, "aldosterone": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "A hormone that helps control salt, water, and blood pressure in the body.", "student": "A body chemical that tells your kidneys how much salt and water to keep, which sets your blood pressure.", "term": "aldosterone" }, "alkalosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When the blood becomes too alkaline, the opposite of too acidic.", "student": "The blood's chemistry tips too far toward the base side instead of acid, upsetting how the body works.", "term": "alkalosis" }, "allele": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "One of the different versions of a gene that a person can carry.", "student": "A 'flavour' of a gene — you inherit one version from each parent.", "term": "allele" }, "allele-frequency": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "How common a particular version of a gene is in a population.", "student": "How often a certain 'flavour' of a gene shows up in a group of people.", "term": "allele-frequency" }, "alpha-thalassemia": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "An inherited blood disease where the body makes too little of the protein that carries oxygen.", "student": "Passed down in families, this makes it harder for blood to carry oxygen, so a person can feel weak.", "term": "alpha-thalassemia" }, "alterations": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "Changes to something, often changes in genes or body tissue.", "student": "Changes made to something, like small edits in a gene that can affect how the body works.", "term": "alterations" }, "alveolitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Inflammation of the tiny air sacs deep in the lungs where oxygen is absorbed.", "student": "When the tiny balloons deep in your lungs, where air passes into blood, get inflamed and stiff.", "term": "alveolitis" }, "alzheimer's": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A brain disease that slowly destroys memory and thinking, mostly in older people.", "student": "An illness that slowly wears away the brain, so people forget more and more as years pass.", "term": "alzheimer's" }, "amaurosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Loss of sight, sometimes without any visible damage to the eye.", "student": "A person loses their vision even though the eye may look normal, often due to a problem behind it.", "term": "amaurosis" }, "amblyopia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Poor vision in one eye because the brain and eye did not develop together well in childhood.", "student": "Called lazy eye: one eye is weaker because the brain started ignoring it while growing up.", "term": "amblyopia" }, "amenorrhea": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "When a woman's monthly periods stop or never start.", "student": "Monthly periods are missing, which can happen for many reasons, from stress to illness.", "term": "amenorrhea" }, "amino": { "category": "other", "plain": "Referring to amino acids, the small building blocks that link together to make proteins.", "student": "The tiny beads that string together to form proteins, the stuff that builds and runs your body.", "term": "amino" }, "amino-acid": { "category": "other", "plain": "One of the small building blocks that join together in chains to make proteins in the body.", "student": "These are like Lego bricks that link up in long chains to build the proteins your body needs to work.", "term": "amino-acid" }, "aminoaciduria": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "The loss of amino acids, the building blocks of protein, into the urine.", "student": "When the tiny building blocks that make protein leak out into your pee instead of being kept by the body.", "term": "aminoaciduria" }, "amphotericin": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "A strong medicine used to treat serious fungal infections in the body.", "student": "A powerful drug doctors use when a dangerous fungus grows inside someone and must be killed.", "term": "amphotericin" }, "amputation": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "Surgery to remove all or part of a limb, like a leg, arm, finger, or toe.", "student": "An operation to take off a body part like a leg or finger when it can't be saved.", "term": "amputation" }, "amputations": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "Operations that remove a limb or part of a limb, such as a leg, arm, finger, or toe.", "student": "When doctors surgically remove a body part like a foot or finger, usually to protect the rest of the body.", "term": "amputations" }, "amyloidosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A rare disease where an abnormal protein builds up in organs and stops them working well.", "student": "A sticky protein slowly clumps up inside organs like the heart or kidneys, gumming them up until they struggle to work.", "term": "amyloidosis" }, "ancestry": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "The population your family's DNA comes from, which shapes which gene versions are common in you.", "student": "Where your family's DNA line comes from — it changes which genetic patterns are common in you.", "term": "ancestry" }, "ancylostoma": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A type of hookworm, a parasite that lives in the gut and feeds on blood.", "student": "A kind of tiny hook-shaped worm that latches onto the inside of your gut and quietly drinks your blood.", "term": "ancylostoma" }, "anemia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When blood cannot carry enough oxygen because it lacks enough healthy red blood cells.", "student": "Like your blood running low on delivery trucks for oxygen, so you feel weak and pale.", "term": "anemia" }, "aneurysm": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A weak, balloon-like bulge in the wall of a blood tube that can burst if it grows too big.", "student": "An aneurysm is like a weak spot on a bike tyre that balloons out. If that bulge in a blood vessel pops, it is dangerous.", "term": "aneurysm" }, "aneurysms": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Weak, balloon-like bulges in the wall of a blood vessel.", "student": "Bulges where a blood vessel's wall goes thin and puffs out, like a weak spot on a tyre.", "term": "aneurysms" }, "angina": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "Chest pain caused by the heart not getting enough blood.", "student": "A tight, squeezing chest pain that happens when the heart muscle is starved of enough blood.", "term": "angina" }, "angiogram": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A special scan that shows the blood vessels inside the body.", "student": "A special picture that lets doctors see the tubes carrying your blood, to check for narrow spots or blockages.", "term": "angiogram" }, "angiography": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A special scan that takes pictures of blood vessels to check for blockages or damage.", "student": "Doctors use a dye and an X-ray to photograph your blood vessels, like mapping the roads to spot where traffic is blocked.", "term": "angiography" }, "angioma": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "A harmless lump made of a cluster of small blood vessels.", "student": "A non-cancer bump formed from a tangle of tiny blood tubes, sometimes seen as a red mark on the skin.", "term": "angioma" }, "angiomatosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A condition with many abnormal clusters of blood vessels growing in the body.", "student": "When many tangled knots of extra blood vessels grow in the body, sometimes visible as red marks on the skin.", "term": "angiomatosis" }, "angioplasty": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A procedure that opens a narrowed or blocked blood vessel, often with a tiny balloon.", "student": "Doctors thread a thin tube with a small balloon into a clogged vessel and inflate it to open the path.", "term": "angioplasty" }, "anorexia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A strong loss of appetite, or an eating disorder causing someone to eat far too little.", "student": "When someone loses their hunger, or fears food so much they eat far too little to stay healthy.", "term": "anorexia" }, "anterior": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "A direction word meaning the front side of the body or of a body part.", "student": "Anterior just means the front. The anterior of your body is your chest-and-belly side, the part you usually face people with.", "term": "anterior" }, "anti-inflammatory": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "A medicine or action that reduces redness, swelling, heat, and pain in the body.", "student": "Medicine that calms the body's swelling and soreness, the kind of relief you might get from a tablet like ibuprofen.", "term": "anti-inflammatory" }, "antibiotic": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "A medicine that kills bacteria or stops them from growing.", "student": "A medicine that fights bacterial germs, killing them or stopping them from spreading in your body.", "term": "antibiotic" }, "antibiotics": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "Medicines that kill tiny germs, or stop them growing, to cure certain infections.", "student": "Germ-fighting medicine; think of it as tiny soldiers that hunt down the bacteria making you sick.", "term": "antibiotics" }, "antibodies": { "category": "immunology", "plain": "Tiny proteins the body makes to find and fight germs like bacteria and viruses.", "student": "Your body's guided missiles, made to lock onto invaders and mark them for destruction. Each one is built to hit a specific germ.", "term": "antibodies" }, "antibody": { "category": "immunology", "plain": "A protein the immune system makes to find and stick to a specific germ.", "student": "A tiny defender your body builds to recognize and grab onto one exact germ, like a wanted poster.", "term": "antibody" }, "anticoagulant": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "A medicine that stops the blood from clotting too easily.", "student": "A medicine that keeps blood from turning solid and forming clots. It is sometimes called a blood thinner.", "term": "anticoagulant" }, "anticoagulants": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "Medicines that stop the blood from clotting too easily.", "student": "Medicines that keep blood from clumping into clots. They are often called blood thinners.", "term": "anticoagulants" }, "anticonvulsants": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "Medicines that prevent or stop seizures, the sudden bursts of electrical activity in the brain.", "student": "Medicines that calm the brain to stop seizures, which are like sudden electrical storms in the head.", "term": "anticonvulsants" }, "antifungal": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "A medicine that kills or stops the growth of fungi.", "student": "A medicine that fights fungi, the germs behind infections like ringworm or athlete's foot.", "term": "antifungal" }, "antifungals": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "Medicines that kill or stop the growth of fungi, the germs behind athlete's foot and some infections.", "student": "Just as some medicines fight bacteria, these are special medicines that fight fungus germs, the same family as mould and mushrooms.", "term": "antifungals" }, "antigen": { "category": "immunology", "plain": "A marker on a germ that the body's defences recognise as foreign.", "student": "An ID tag on a germ that your immune system spots as an intruder, then builds weapons against.", "term": "antigen" }, "antihistamines": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "Medicines that relieve allergy symptoms like sneezing and itching.", "student": "Medicines that calm allergies, stopping the sneezing, itching, and runny nose caused by things like pollen.", "term": "antihistamines" }, "antipsychotics": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "Medicines that help calm a mind losing touch with reality, easing false beliefs and things that aren't really there.", "student": "Medicines doctors give to quiet a mind that is seeing or believing things that aren't real, helping the person think more clearly.", "term": "antipsychotics" }, "antivirals": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "Medicines that fight infections caused by viruses.", "student": "Medicines made to stop viruses, the tiny germs behind illnesses like flu, from spreading in the body.", "term": "antivirals" }, "aorta": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The body's largest blood vessel, carrying oxygen-rich blood straight out of the heart to everywhere else.", "student": "Think of it as the main highway leaving the heart, the biggest tube that sends fresh blood out to the whole body.", "term": "aorta" }, "aortic": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the aorta, the body's largest blood vessel, which carries blood away from the heart.", "student": "This is about your body's biggest blood tube, the main pipe that carries fresh blood out of the heart to everywhere.", "term": "aortic" }, "apathy": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "A lack of interest, motivation, or emotion about things.", "student": "A flat feeling where a person just does not care about or enjoy anything, even things they once loved.", "term": "apathy" }, "aplasia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When an organ or tissue does not grow or develop properly.", "student": "A body part fails to form or grow the way it should, so it ends up missing or very underdeveloped.", "term": "aplasia" }, "apnea": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "A pause or stop in breathing.", "student": "When breathing briefly stops, sometimes during sleep, before it starts again on its own.", "term": "apnea" }, "apophysitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Painful swelling where a tendon pulls on a growing bone, common in active children.", "student": "In growing kids, the spot where a muscle's rope tugs on the bone gets sore from lots of running and jumping.", "term": "apophysitis" }, "appendicitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Painful swelling and infection of the appendix, a small pouch attached to the gut.", "student": "A small finger-shaped pouch on the intestine gets inflamed, causing sharp belly pain that often needs quick surgery.", "term": "appendicitis" }, "arrest": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When an important body function, like the heartbeat, suddenly stops working.", "student": "In medicine this means a sudden stop, not a police one, like when the heart abruptly quits and needs restarting.", "term": "arrest" }, "arrhythmia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A heartbeat that is too fast, too slow, or uneven instead of steady.", "student": "When the heart loses its steady beat and goes too fast, too slow, or in a jumbled rhythm.", "term": "arrhythmia" }, "arrhythmias": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Irregular or abnormal heartbeats that are too fast, too slow, or uneven.", "student": "When the heart's rhythm goes off-beat, racing, dragging, or skipping instead of a steady thump.", "term": "arrhythmias" }, "arterial": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the tubes that carry blood away from the heart out to the rest of the body.", "student": "Your heart pushes blood out through strong tubes to reach everywhere. This word means anything to do with those blood-carrying tubes.", "term": "arterial" }, "arteries": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The tubes that carry blood pumped from the heart out to the rest of the body.", "student": "Think of them as delivery pipes that push fresh blood from your heart to every part of you, carrying oxygen along.", "term": "arteries" }, "arteriosus": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "A term used in names of certain blood-vessel structures near the heart.", "student": "A word doctors use in the names of some heart blood vessels, like a small link present before birth.", "term": "arteriosus" }, "arteritis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling of the walls of arteries, the tubes carrying blood from the heart.", "student": "The big tubes that carry blood away from the heart get inflamed and sore in their walls.", "term": "arteritis" }, "artery": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "A tube that carries blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.", "student": "Think of these as the body's main highways, pushing fresh blood from your heart out to everywhere it is needed and delivering oxygen along the way.", "term": "artery" }, "arthritis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A condition where the joints, the places where two bones meet, become swollen, stiff, and painful.", "student": "The spots where your bones meet and bend can get sore and swollen, making it hard to move. It often makes fingers and knees ache, especially in older people.", "term": "arthritis" }, "arthropathy": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Any disease or damage affecting a joint where two bones meet.", "student": "A general word for anything going wrong in a joint, the hinge where two bones meet and move.", "term": "arthropathy" }, "asbestosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Lung scarring caused by breathing in asbestos fibres over time.", "student": "Tiny asbestos fibres breathed in over years scar the lungs and make breathing hard.", "term": "asbestosis" }, "aspergilloma": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A ball of fungus that grows inside a hollow space in the lungs.", "student": "A clump of mould that settles and grows inside an old empty pocket in the lung, like a fungus ball.", "term": "aspergilloma" }, "aspergillosis": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "An infection caused by breathing in a common mould.", "student": "A mould found in the air can infect the lungs, especially in people whose defenses are already weak.", "term": "aspergillosis" }, "aspergillus": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A common mould that can cause infections, especially in the lungs.", "student": "A kind of mould found in soil and dust that can make people sick, mostly in the lungs, if breathed in.", "term": "aspergillus" }, "aspiration": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Accidentally breathing food, drink, or spit into the lungs instead of swallowing it down.", "student": "It's when a bite or sip goes down the wrong pipe into your lungs instead of your stomach, which can make you cough hard.", "term": "aspiration" }, "assays": { "category": "measurement", "plain": "Lab tests that measure the amount or activity of a substance in a sample.", "student": "Careful lab tests that measure how much of something, like a chemical, sits in a blood or tissue sample.", "term": "assays" }, "asthma": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A lung condition where the airways tighten, making breathing hard.", "student": "A condition where the tubes carrying air to your lungs get narrow and swollen, so you wheeze and struggle to breathe.", "term": "asthma" }, "astigmatism": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Blurry vision caused by the eye's front surface being unevenly curved.", "student": "When the eye is shaped a little more like a rugby ball than a round ball, things look blurry or stretched.", "term": "astigmatism" }, "asymptomatic": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Carrying an illness but feeling completely fine, with no visible signs that anything is wrong.", "student": "Sometimes a sickness hides quietly with no clues at all. You feel normal, but it is still there. That is why doctors sometimes test even healthy-feeling people.", "term": "asymptomatic" }, "ataxia": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "Loss of smooth control over movements, making a person clumsy and unsteady.", "student": "When your body won't move smoothly, so walking and grabbing things feel wobbly and shaky.", "term": "ataxia" }, "atherosclerosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When fatty deposits build up inside blood vessels, narrowing them and slowing blood flow.", "student": "Like grease clogging a pipe, fatty gunk sticks inside arteries over years, squeezing the path blood needs to flow.", "term": "atherosclerosis" }, "atresia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A body passage or opening that is missing or blocked from birth, instead of being open as it should be.", "student": "Sometimes a baby is born with a tube or opening in the body sealed shut when it should have been open.", "term": "atresia" }, "atrial": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the two upper chambers of the heart that receive blood coming in.", "student": "The heart has four rooms. This word points to the two upper rooms where blood first arrives before moving on.", "term": "atrial" }, "atrioventricular": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the area between the upper and lower chambers of the heart.", "student": "The heart has upper and lower rooms. This word describes the gateway between them, where the beat signal passes through.", "term": "atrioventricular" }, "atrophy": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "The shrinking or wasting away of a body part, like a muscle, from disuse or disease.", "student": "It's when a body part gets smaller and weaker from not being used, like a muscle that shrinks after weeks in a cast.", "term": "atrophy" }, "audiogram": { "category": "measurement", "plain": "A test that measures how well a person can hear different sounds.", "student": "A hearing check that draws a chart showing which sounds, soft or loud, high or low, you can and cannot hear.", "term": "audiogram" }, "autoimmune": { "category": "immunology", "plain": "When the body's defence system mistakenly attacks its own healthy parts.", "student": "This is when your body's guard army gets confused and starts attacking your own cells, treating friends as enemies.", "term": "autoimmune" }, "autoinflammatory": { "category": "immunology", "plain": "Relating to illness where the body's defences cause swelling by attacking itself.", "student": "When your own defence system fires up and swells your body for no real invader, like a false alarm.", "term": "autoinflammatory" }, "autonomic": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Relating to the nerves that automatically control body functions like heartbeat and digestion.", "student": "The part of your nervous system that runs things on autopilot, like breathing and heartbeat, without you thinking.", "term": "autonomic" }, "autosomal": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "Relating to one of the ordinary gene-carrying structures in our cells, not the pair that sets male or female.", "student": "It refers to genes carried on the everyday chromosomes everyone shares, so the trait can pass to boys and girls equally.", "term": "autosomal" }, "autosomal-dominant": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "A way a trait passes down where one copy of a gene is enough to show it.", "student": "An inheritance pattern where just one faulty gene from a parent is enough to give you the trait.", "term": "autosomal-dominant" }, "azathioprine": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "A medicine that calms down an overactive immune system.", "student": "A medicine that tones down the body's defence system when it wrongly attacks the body itself.", "term": "azathioprine" }, "azithromycin": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "A common antibiotic medicine used to treat infections caused by certain bacteria.", "student": "A widely used medicine that fights infection by killing the tiny bacteria making you sick. Doctors often give it as a short course.", "term": "azithromycin" }, "azoospermia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Having no sperm in the fluid a man releases, which can make fathering a child difficult.", "student": "When a man's fluid carries no sperm at all, so it becomes very hard to have a baby naturally.", "term": "azoospermia" }, "bacteria": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "Tiny living things, too small to see, that can sometimes cause illness.", "student": "Super-tiny creatures living everywhere; most are harmless, some help you, and a few make you sick.", "term": "bacteria" }, "bacterial": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "Caused by tiny living germs called bacteria.", "student": "Means the trouble comes from bacteria, super-tiny living things too small to see.", "term": "bacterial" }, "bacterium": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A single tiny living thing, too small to see, that can sometimes cause illness.", "student": "One germ so small you need a microscope; some are harmless or helpful, others sneak in and make you sick.", "term": "bacterium" }, "balanitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Soreness and swelling at the tip of the penis, often from an infection.", "student": "The tip of the penis becomes red and sore, usually because germs or irritation cause swelling there.", "term": "balanitis" }, "basal-cell": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the deepest layer of cells in the skin.", "student": "Your skin has layers. This points to the bottom layer of cells, where fresh skin cells are made.", "term": "basal-cell" }, "benign": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "Not dangerous or cancer; a growth that stays in one place and does not spread.", "student": "Think of it as the 'harmless' label doctors give a lump that won't invade or spread to the rest of the body.", "term": "benign" }, "benzodiazepines": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "A group of medicines that calm the brain, easing anxiety, fits, or sleep problems.", "student": "Calming medicines that quiet an overactive brain, used for severe worry, seizures, or trouble sleeping.", "term": "benzodiazepines" }, "beta-thalassemia": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "An inherited blood disease where the body makes too little of the protein that carries oxygen.", "student": "This is passed down in families. The blood can't carry enough oxygen, so a person feels weak and pale.", "term": "beta-thalassemia" }, "bilateral": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Affecting or involving both sides of the body at the same time.", "student": "It means both sides. If something is bilateral, it's happening on your left and right together, like both eyes or both knees.", "term": "bilateral" }, "biliary": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Related to bile and the tubes that carry it from the liver to the gut.", "student": "About bile, the fluid your liver makes to digest fat, and the little pipes that carry it.", "term": "biliary" }, "bilirubin": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "A yellow substance made when old red blood cells break down; too much turns skin yellow.", "student": "A yellow leftover from worn-out blood cells; if it piles up, your skin and eyes look yellow.", "term": "bilirubin" }, "biomarker": { "category": "measurement", "plain": "Something measurable in the body that signals a disease or how it's progressing.", "student": "A body 'clue' — like a substance in your blood — that tells doctors something is happening.", "term": "biomarker" }, "biopsy": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A test where doctors take a tiny sample of body tissue to examine it closely for disease.", "student": "Doctors snip out a very small piece of you and study it under a microscope to find out what's really going on.", "term": "biopsy" }, "bisphosphonates": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "A group of medicines that make weak bones stronger and slow down bone loss.", "student": "Medicines that help protect bones from getting thin and breaking easily, a bit like giving your skeleton extra support.", "term": "bisphosphonates" }, "bladder": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "A stretchy bag inside the body that stores urine until you go to the toilet.", "student": "It is like a balloon that holds your pee. When it fills up, it tells your brain it is time to find a bathroom, then it empties out.", "term": "bladder" }, "blistering": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "Forming fluid-filled bubbles on the skin.", "student": "When little bubbles of fluid puff up on your skin, like after a burn or bad rash.", "term": "blistering" }, "bloating": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "A tight, swollen, or too-full feeling in your belly, often from trapped gas.", "student": "That puffy, stretched feeling in your tummy after too much food or gas, like a balloon slowly filling up inside you.", "term": "bloating" }, "blockers": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "Medicines that stop a particular body signal or chemical to slow or calm a function.", "student": "Drugs that act like a stop sign for a body message, for example slowing a racing heart back down to normal.", "term": "blockers" }, "branched-chain": { "category": "other", "plain": "Describing certain amino acids with a side-branching shape that muscles use for energy.", "student": "A special group of the tiny building blocks of protein, shaped with a branch, that helps power your muscles.", "term": "branched-chain" }, "bronchioles": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The tiniest air tubes deep inside the lungs that carry air toward the air sacs.", "student": "Think of your lungs like an upside-down tree. These are the smallest twig-like tubes that carry air to its very tips.", "term": "bronchioles" }, "bronchiolitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling of the tiny air tubes deep in the lungs, most common in babies.", "student": "The smallest breathing tubes in the lungs swell up, making it hard for little kids to breathe.", "term": "bronchiolitis" }, "bronchitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Inflammation of the airways in the lungs, causing coughing and mucus.", "student": "When the breathing tubes inside your lungs get swollen and sticky, giving you a heavy, mucus-filled cough.", "term": "bronchitis" }, "bronchoscopy": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A test where a thin camera is passed into the airways to look inside the lungs.", "student": "A test where doctors slide a thin, flexible camera down into your breathing tubes to see inside your lungs.", "term": "bronchoscopy" }, "brucellosis": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A bacterial infection caught from infected animals or unpasteurised milk and cheese.", "student": "A sickness you can catch from infected farm animals or raw milk, causing fevers that come and go.", "term": "brucellosis" }, "burden": { "category": "measurement", "plain": "The total weight of a disease on a population — how many are affected and how badly.", "student": "How much harm a disease does overall to a whole group of people.", "term": "burden" }, "bursitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Painful swelling of a small fluid cushion near a joint.", "student": "Tiny fluid-filled pillows that cushion your joints get sore and swollen, making it painful to move that joint.", "term": "bursitis" }, "byssinosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A lung illness caused by breathing in dust from cotton or cloth for years.", "student": "Working around cotton or textile dust for a long time can clog and hurt the lungs, making it hard to breathe.", "term": "byssinosis" }, "calcification": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "The build-up of hard calcium deposits in a body tissue.", "student": "When calcium collects in a soft body part and makes it hard, a bit like limescale forming inside a kettle.", "term": "calcification" }, "calcinosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "The build-up of hard calcium deposits in the skin or other soft tissues.", "student": "When chalky lumps of calcium form in the skin or soft tissue, where they don't belong.", "term": "calcinosis" }, "calibration": { "category": "measurement", "plain": "How well a test's numbers are tuned to a group; a test tuned on one group can misread another.", "student": "Whether a test is 'set correctly' for you. A scale set for one crowd gives wrong readings for a different one.", "term": "calibration" }, "candidiasis": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "An infection caused by the overgrowth of a common yeast.", "student": "A yeast that normally lives quietly on us can grow too much and cause an itchy infection, like oral thrush.", "term": "candidiasis" }, "capillaries": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The tiniest blood vessels, where oxygen and nutrients pass from blood into the body's cells.", "student": "Blood travels through big pipes, then into these hair-thin tubes so tiny that food and air can leak out to feed every cell.", "term": "capillaries" }, "carcinoma": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "A type of cancer that starts in the skin or the lining of organs inside the body.", "student": "One of the most common cancers, it begins in the thin covering layers of your body and grows if not treated.", "term": "carcinoma" }, "carcinomas": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "Cancers that begin in the cells lining the skin, organs, or body surfaces.", "student": "A common type of cancer that starts in the thin sheets of cells covering our skin and organs, then grows out of control.", "term": "carcinomas" }, "cardiac": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Having to do with the heart.", "student": "A doctor's word for anything about your heart; like saying heart-related.", "term": "cardiac" }, "cardiogenic": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Caused by a problem with the heart.", "student": "When trouble like shock or fluid build-up starts because the heart is failing, doctors call it this.", "term": "cardiogenic" }, "cardiomyopathy": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for the heart to pump blood.", "student": "It's when the heart's muscle becomes weak, stiff, or stretched, so it struggles to pump blood like a tired, worn-out pump.", "term": "cardiomyopathy" }, "cardiovascular": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Relating to the heart and the network of tubes that carry blood around the body.", "student": "It's the whole delivery system of your body, the heart pumping and the blood pipes reaching every corner.", "term": "cardiovascular" }, "cardioverter": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A device that gives the heart a controlled electric shock to reset an abnormal heartbeat.", "student": "A gadget that can zap the heart with a small shock to snap it back into a normal, steady beat.", "term": "cardioverter" }, "carriers": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "People who carry a gene or germ and can pass it on, often without being sick themselves.", "student": "Someone who quietly holds a hidden gene or germ and can pass it to others while feeling fine.", "term": "carriers" }, "cartilage": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "A firm but bendable tissue that cushions joints and shapes parts like the ear and nose.", "student": "The springy stuff in your nose and ears, and the smooth padding that stops your bones from grinding together.", "term": "cartilage" }, "cataracts": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Clouding of the eye's lens that makes vision blurry.", "student": "When the clear lens in your eye turns foggy, like looking through a smudged window.", "term": "cataracts" }, "cavity": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "A hollow, empty space inside the body or an organ.", "student": "An empty pocket or space inside the body, a bit like a small cave. Your chest and belly both have them.", "term": "cavity" }, "ceftriaxone": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "A strong antibiotic given to treat serious bacterial infections.", "student": "A powerful antibiotic, usually given by injection, to kill bacteria in serious infections.", "term": "ceftriaxone" }, "cellulitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A skin infection that makes an area red, swollen, warm, and sore.", "student": "Germs get under the skin and spread, leaving a patch that is red, puffy, hot and tender; it needs antibiotics to clear.", "term": "cellulitis" }, "cerebellum": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "A part at the back of the brain that controls balance and smooth, coordinated movement.", "student": "Think of it as the brain's balance coach; it helps you walk, catch a ball, and not fall over.", "term": "cerebellum" }, "cerebral": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the brain, especially its large main part.", "student": "A doctor's word for anything about the brain, such as the blood supply that keeps your brain fed and working.", "term": "cerebral" }, "cerebrospinal": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the clear fluid that surrounds and cushions the brain and spinal cord.", "student": "To do with the clear liquid that bathes the brain and spine, cushioning them like a shock absorber.", "term": "cerebrospinal" }, "cervical": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Having to do with the neck, or with the narrow lower opening of the womb.", "student": "Cervical points to the neck region, either the bones of your actual neck or the neck-like lower part of a woman's womb.", "term": "cervical" }, "cervix": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The narrow lower part of the womb that opens into the birth canal.", "student": "The small neck at the bottom of the womb that connects it to the birth passage.", "term": "cervix" }, "channelopathy": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "A disease caused by faulty tiny gates that let charged particles move in and out of cells.", "student": "Cells have tiny doors that control their signals. When these doors are faulty, the heart or nerves can misfire.", "term": "channelopathy" }, "cheilitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Sore, cracked, or swollen lips from irritation or infection.", "student": "The lips get dry, cracked, and sore, sometimes splitting at the corners of the mouth.", "term": "cheilitis" }, "cheilosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Cracked, sore lips and mouth corners, often from missing vitamins.", "student": "The corners of the mouth crack and get sore, often when the body is short of certain vitamins.", "term": "cheilosis" }, "chikungunya": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A viral illness spread by mosquito bites that causes fever and severe joint pain.", "student": "A sickness passed on by mosquito bites that brings high fever and aching joints, common in India.", "term": "chikungunya" }, "chlamydia": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A common infection spread through sex, caused by a type of bacteria.", "student": "A germ that can pass between people during sex and cause infection. It can be treated with medicine.", "term": "chlamydia" }, "cholangiocarcinoma": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "A cancer that grows in the tubes that carry bile from the liver.", "student": "Cancer that starts in the little pipes draining digestive juice from the liver.", "term": "cholangiocarcinoma" }, "cholangiopancreatography": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A scan that pictures the tubes carrying bile and juices from the liver and pancreas.", "student": "A special scan that maps the little pipes draining the liver and pancreas, so doctors can spot blockages.", "term": "cholangiopancreatography" }, "cholangitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Infection and swelling of the tubes that carry bile away from the liver.", "student": "The little pipes that drain digestive juice from the liver get infected, causing fever and yellow skin.", "term": "cholangitis" }, "cholecystectomy": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "An operation to remove the gallbladder, the small sac that stores digestive bile.", "student": "Surgery to take out the little pouch under your liver that stores bile, usually because of painful stones.", "term": "cholecystectomy" }, "cholecystitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling and infection of the gallbladder, the small sac that stores bile.", "student": "A little sac under the liver stores digestive juice. When it gets inflamed, often by a stone, the belly hurts.", "term": "cholecystitis" }, "choledocholithiasis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A stone stuck in the tube that carries bile from the liver to the intestine.", "student": "When a hard stone gets stuck in the pipe draining bile from your liver, blocking the flow and causing pain.", "term": "choledocholithiasis" }, "cholelithiasis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Hard stones that form inside the gallbladder from thickened digestive bile.", "student": "When bile in the little storage pouch hardens into pebble-like stones, which can cause sharp belly pain.", "term": "cholelithiasis" }, "cholestasis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A slowing or blocking of bile, the fluid that helps digest fat, as it leaves the liver.", "student": "Bile normally flows out of the liver to help digestion. When it gets stuck, it backs up and causes itching and yellow skin.", "term": "cholestasis" }, "cholesteatoma": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "An abnormal lump of skin cells that grows in the middle ear.", "student": "Skin can grow where it shouldn't, deep in the ear, slowly damaging hearing.", "term": "cholesteatoma" }, "chondrosarcoma": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "A cancer that grows in cartilage, the smooth rubbery tissue that cushions bones.", "student": "A cancer that starts in cartilage, the bendy cushioning between bones, and slowly forms a lump.", "term": "chondrosarcoma" }, "chorioretinitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Inflammation of the back layers of the eye, which can blur or damage vision.", "student": "When the light-sensing layers at the back of the eye get inflamed, sometimes leaving blurry spots in your sight.", "term": "chorioretinitis" }, "chromosomal": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "Relating to chromosomes, the thread-like structures inside cells that carry the body's genetic instructions.", "student": "About chromosomes, the tiny thread-like packages inside your cells that hold the instructions for how your body is built.", "term": "chromosomal" }, "chromosome": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "A tightly packed bundle of DNA; humans have 23 pairs in each cell.", "student": "A coiled-up chapter of your DNA book. You have 46 in all, in 23 pairs.", "term": "chromosome" }, "chronic": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Lasting a long time or coming back again and again, instead of going away quickly.", "student": "Think of it as a health issue that sticks around for months or years, not one that clears up in a few days.", "term": "chronic" }, "ciliopathy": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "A disease caused by faults in the tiny hair-like parts that stick out from cells.", "student": "A condition caused by broken versions of the tiny hairs on cells that normally sweep and sense their surroundings.", "term": "ciliopathy" }, "circumcision": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "An operation that removes the fold of skin covering the tip of the penis.", "student": "A small operation that removes the loose skin at the end of the penis, done for health or religious reasons.", "term": "circumcision" }, "cirrhosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Severe, lasting scarring of the liver that stops it working properly, often from long-term damage.", "student": "When the liver gets so scarred it can't do its job, often after years of harm. Soft healthy tissue turns hard and lumpy.", "term": "cirrhosis" }, "cleft": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "A split or gap in a body part that would normally be joined together.", "student": "A gap where two parts of the body didn't fully join, like a split in the lip or roof of the mouth.", "term": "cleft" }, "clindamycin": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "A type of antibiotic medicine used to kill certain bacteria and treat infections.", "student": "A medicine that fights infections by killing certain germs. It belongs to the antibiotic family.", "term": "clindamycin" }, "clinical": { "category": "other", "plain": "Relating to the direct care and treatment of real patients, based on examination rather than only theory.", "student": "It points to the hands-on side of medicine, what doctors actually see and do with real patients, not just textbook ideas.", "term": "clinical" }, "clostridium": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A group of bacteria, some of which cause serious illnesses like tetanus and food poisoning.", "student": "A family of germs that can hide in soil or spoiled food; a few members cause dangerous diseases.", "term": "clostridium" }, "clots": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Thickened lumps of blood that form to stop bleeding.", "student": "Soft lumps that blood makes to plug a cut and stop bleeding, though they can be dangerous inside vessels.", "term": "clots" }, "co-morbidities": { "category": "other", "plain": "Having two or more separate health conditions in the same person at the same time.", "student": "When someone deals with more than one illness at once, like having both asthma and diabetes together.", "term": "co-morbidities" }, "coagulation": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "The process of blood turning from a liquid into a solid clot to stop bleeding.", "student": "How your blood thickens and sets into a lump to seal a cut, like jelly going firm, so you stop bleeding.", "term": "coagulation" }, "coagulopathy": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A condition where the blood does not clot the way it should.", "student": "Blood normally thickens to plug a cut. Here it clots too little or too much, causing bleeding or blockages.", "term": "coagulopathy" }, "coarctation": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A narrowing of a blood vessel, usually the body's main artery.", "student": "A pinched, narrow spot in a big blood pipe that makes it harder for blood to push through.", "term": "coarctation" }, "cognitive": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Having to do with thinking, remembering, learning, and understanding things.", "student": "It's the brainy stuff, like memory, focus, and figuring things out. Anything your mind does to make sense of the world.", "term": "cognitive" }, "cohort": { "category": "measurement", "plain": "A group of people studied together over time to learn about health.", "student": "A batch of people scientists follow for years to see what happens to their health.", "term": "cohort" }, "colectomy": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "An operation to remove all or part of the large intestine.", "student": "Surgery to take out part or all of the large gut, usually because it is diseased or badly damaged.", "term": "colectomy" }, "colitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling and soreness of the inner lining of the large intestine, often causing belly pain and loose stools.", "student": "The last long stretch of your gut gets red, sore, and swollen inside. It can bring tummy pain and frequent trips to the toilet.", "term": "colitis" }, "collagen": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "A tough protein that gives strength and structure to skin, bones, and other body parts.", "student": "A strong, stretchy protein that works like the body's glue and scaffolding, holding tissues together.", "term": "collagen" }, "coloboma": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A gap or missing piece in part of the eye, present from birth.", "student": "A person is born with a small hole or gap in part of their eye, sometimes giving the iris a keyhole shape.", "term": "coloboma" }, "colon": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The lower part of the large intestine, where the body turns leftover food into solid waste.", "student": "It is the long lower part of your gut that soaks up water from digested food and packs the rest into poop.", "term": "colon" }, "colonoscopy": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A test where a doctor uses a camera on a flexible tube to look inside the large intestine.", "student": "A bendy camera-tube travels through the lower gut so doctors can check its walls for problems, a common way to catch trouble early.", "term": "colonoscopy" }, "colorectal": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the large intestine, including the colon and the rectum.", "student": "To do with the lower gut, the colon and rectum, where the body forms and stores solid waste.", "term": "colorectal" }, "complications": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Extra health problems that develop because of an existing disease, injury, or treatment.", "student": "These are new troubles that pop up on top of the original illness, like one problem quietly causing another.", "term": "complications" }, "conception": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "The moment a sperm joins an egg and a new pregnancy begins.", "student": "The very start of a baby, when a tiny cell from the father meets one from the mother.", "term": "conception" }, "conduction": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "The passing of electrical signals or heat along nerves or tissue.", "student": "The way signals travel, like electricity moving along a wire, letting nerves carry messages through the body.", "term": "conduction" }, "congenital": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Present in a baby from the very moment of birth, rather than developing later.", "student": "This means a condition someone is born with, there right from day one instead of picked up later in life.", "term": "congenital" }, "conjunctiva": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The thin, clear layer that covers the white of the eye and the inside of the eyelids.", "student": "A see-through skin over the white part of your eye. When it gets red and itchy, people call it 'pink eye'.", "term": "conjunctiva" }, "conjunctivitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Redness and swelling of the thin clear layer covering the white of the eye.", "student": "Also called pink eye. The clear covering over your eye gets red, itchy and watery, often from germs.", "term": "conjunctivitis" }, "connective": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Describes the body material that holds, supports, and links other parts together.", "student": "It's the body's built-in glue and scaffolding, tissue that ties bones, muscles, and organs together and keeps them in place.", "term": "connective" }, "consanguinity": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "Being related by blood; marriage between close relatives raises the chance of shared gene changes.", "student": "Marrying within the family line, which makes it likelier a child inherits the same rare DNA change twice.", "term": "consanguinity" }, "constipation": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "Difficulty passing stool, so bowel movements happen less often and feel hard.", "student": "When poop gets stuck and stubborn, coming out rarely and with effort, usually because it turned too dry and hard.", "term": "constipation" }, "contractions": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "The tightening and shortening of muscles.", "student": "When muscles squeeze and get shorter to make movement, like your heart squeezing to push out blood.", "term": "contractions" }, "contracture": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Permanent tightening of muscles or tissue that keeps a joint from moving fully.", "student": "When muscles or skin get stuck tight, so a joint like an elbow can't fully straighten anymore.", "term": "contracture" }, "contractures": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Muscles or joints that become permanently tight and stiff, limiting movement.", "student": "When a body part gets stuck bent or shortened, like a rubber band that dried out and won't stretch.", "term": "contractures" }, "convulsions": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "Sudden, uncontrolled shaking of the body caused by bursts of activity in the brain.", "student": "When the brain misfires, the body can jerk and shake without the person choosing to. It looks scary but often passes quickly.", "term": "convulsions" }, "cornea": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The clear, curved front window of the eye that light passes through before you can see.", "student": "The cornea is the see-through cover at the very front of your eye, like a clear dome that lets light in so you can see.", "term": "cornea" }, "corneal": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the clear, curved front layer of the eye that light passes through to reach the inside.", "student": "The very front of your eye has a clear window that light shines through. This word means anything to do with that see-through cover.", "term": "corneal" }, "coronary": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle itself.", "student": "This is about the little tubes that feed the heart its own blood, like the heart's personal fuel lines.", "term": "coronary" }, "corticosteroid": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "A medicine that calms swelling and an overactive body defence system.", "student": "A strong medicine that brings down swelling and quiets the body's defences when they overreact.", "term": "corticosteroid" }, "corticosteroids": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "Strong medicines that calm down swelling and redness in the body.", "student": "These are powerful medicines doctors use to switch off swelling and calm an overactive body. Think of them as a fire extinguisher for redness and puffiness inside you.", "term": "corticosteroids" }, "cortisol": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "A hormone the body releases to help it cope with stress and control energy.", "student": "A chemical messenger your body sends out when stressed, helping you stay alert and ready.", "term": "cortisol" }, "corynebacterium": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A group of rod-shaped bacteria, some of which can cause skin or throat infections.", "student": "A kind of germ shaped like a tiny rod. A few types can cause infections of the skin or throat.", "term": "corynebacterium" }, "costochondritis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Painful swelling where the ribs join the chest bone.", "student": "The soft padding that links your ribs to your chest bone gets sore, so your chest hurts when you press it or breathe deeply.", "term": "costochondritis" }, "crohn's": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A long-term disease that causes swelling and pain in the digestive tract.", "student": "A lasting gut illness where parts of your food pipe and intestines get sore, swollen, and upset.", "term": "crohn's" }, "cryotherapy": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A treatment that uses extreme cold to freeze and destroy unwanted tissue like warts or growths.", "student": "A treatment that freezes off unwanted spots, like warts, using very cold temperatures.", "term": "cryotherapy" }, "cryptogenic": { "category": "other", "plain": "Describes a disease whose cause is unknown.", "student": "When doctors can't find why an illness happened, they say its cause is hidden or unknown.", "term": "cryptogenic" }, "crystallopathy": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A disease caused by tiny hard crystals building up in the body.", "student": "Certain minerals can form sharp little crystals in the body that cause pain or blockages.", "term": "crystallopathy" }, "culture": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "Growing germs from a body sample in a lab to find out which one is causing an illness.", "student": "Doctors take a sample and let its germs grow in a dish, like a science experiment, to spot exactly what's making you sick.", "term": "culture" }, "cutaneous": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the skin.", "student": "This is just a fancy word for anything to do with your skin, the outer layer that covers your whole body.", "term": "cutaneous" }, "cyanosis": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "When the skin or lips turn bluish because the blood does not have enough oxygen.", "student": "Lips and fingertips go blue-ish when blood is low on oxygen: a signal the body is not getting enough air.", "term": "cyanosis" }, "cyclophosphamide": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "A strong medicine used to treat cancer and to calm an overactive body-defense system.", "student": "A powerful drug doctors give to fight cancer or quiet a body that is attacking itself by mistake.", "term": "cyclophosphamide" }, "cystic": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Relating to a cyst, a small closed pocket filled with fluid, air, or other material.", "student": "This describes little fluid-filled sacs in the body, a bit like tiny water balloons that form where they shouldn't.", "term": "cystic" }, "cystitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling and soreness of the bladder, usually from an infection.", "student": "The stretchy bag that holds your pee gets sore and irritated, often from germs, making you need the toilet a lot.", "term": "cystitis" }, "cystocele": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When the bladder droops and bulges into the wall of the vagina.", "student": "The bag that holds pee sags down and pushes into the vagina because the support around it has weakened.", "term": "cystocele" }, "cystoscopy": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A test using a thin camera passed up the urine tube to look inside the bladder.", "student": "A test where a slim camera is guided up the pee tube so doctors can look inside your bladder.", "term": "cystoscopy" }, "cysts": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Closed lumps or pockets under the skin or inside the body that are filled with fluid or soft material.", "student": "Each one is like a tiny balloon that grows somewhere in the body and is filled with liquid or thick material.", "term": "cysts" }, "cytomegalovirus": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A common virus that usually causes no trouble but can be dangerous for people with weak body defenses.", "student": "A germ most people carry harmlessly, but it can make babies or very sick people quite ill.", "term": "cytomegalovirus" }, "defecation": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "The act of passing solid waste out of the body.", "student": "The medical word for pooping, when the body pushes out what it can't use from food.", "term": "defecation" }, "defective": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Not working the way it should because something is faulty or built wrong.", "student": "When a body part or gene is broken or made wrong, so it doesn't do its job properly.", "term": "defective" }, "defibrillator": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A device that gives the heart an electric shock to restore a normal beat.", "student": "A machine that sends a quick electric jolt to a heart beating wrongly, helping it return to a steady rhythm.", "term": "defibrillator" }, "deficiency": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "A shortage of something the body needs, such as a vitamin or mineral, to stay healthy.", "student": "This means running low on something your body depends on, like a device slowly running out of a charge it needs to work.", "term": "deficiency" }, "degeneration": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "The slow breaking down or weakening of body cells or tissue over time.", "student": "When part of the body slowly wears out or breaks down, a bit like an old machine losing parts. It usually gets worse over time.", "term": "degeneration" }, "degenerative": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Describing a condition that slowly damages and breaks down body parts, getting worse over time.", "student": "A problem that keeps wearing the body down bit by bit, like a machine slowly rusting, so it works less well as time passes.", "term": "degenerative" }, "dehydration": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When the body loses more water than it takes in, leaving it short of fluid.", "student": "Your body running low on water, like a plant starting to wilt, which is why you feel thirsty, tired, and dizzy.", "term": "dehydration" }, "deletion": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "When a piece of the body's genetic instructions is missing from a person's DNA.", "student": "Like a few words torn out of the body's instruction book, so some directions go missing.", "term": "deletion" }, "delusional": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "Firmly believing something that is not true, even when shown clear proof otherwise.", "student": "Being totally sure of something false, like believing a secret group is watching you, even when it isn't.", "term": "delusional" }, "delusions": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "Strong false beliefs a person holds even when there is clear proof they are not true.", "student": "When someone is certain about something that is not real, and no amount of evidence can change their mind.", "term": "delusions" }, "dementia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A gradual loss of memory, thinking, and reasoning that makes daily life harder.", "student": "When the brain slowly loses its grip on memory and clear thinking, so familiar names, places, and tasks turn confusing.", "term": "dementia" }, "dependence": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When the body or mind comes to need a substance to feel and work normally.", "student": "When someone's body gets so used to a drug or drink that they feel sick or wrong without it.", "term": "dependence" }, "deposition": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "The build-up of a substance laid down in a body tissue.", "student": "When a material slowly collects and settles in one body part, like sand piling up in a single spot.", "term": "deposition" }, "depression": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A medical illness that causes deep sadness and low energy for weeks or longer, not just a passing bad mood.", "student": "It is when sadness sticks around so long it drains your energy and joy: a real illness doctors can treat, not just feeling down.", "term": "depression" }, "dermatitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A condition where the skin becomes red, swollen, itchy, or sore, often from an irritation or allergy.", "student": "Dermatitis is angry skin. It turns red, itchy, and sore, usually because something touched it that it did not like.", "term": "dermatitis" }, "dermatomyositis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A disease where the immune system inflames the skin and the muscles, causing rash and weakness.", "student": "The body's defenses attack its own skin and muscles, bringing a rash and weak, aching muscles.", "term": "dermatomyositis" }, "dermatosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A general word for any disease or abnormal condition of the skin.", "student": "A catch-all word for any skin problem, whether it's a rash, patch, or other change on the skin.", "term": "dermatosis" }, "dermopathy": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Any disease of the skin, often used when linked to another illness like diabetes.", "student": "A general term for a skin condition, often the kind that shows up as a side effect of another disease.", "term": "dermopathy" }, "diabetes": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A lasting condition where the body cannot properly control the amount of sugar in the blood.", "student": "It's when the body struggles to manage blood sugar, either not making enough of its sugar-control helper or not using it well.", "term": "diabetes" }, "diagnosis": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "Figuring out what illness a person has by studying their signs and test results.", "student": "Like a detective naming the culprit; doctors gather clues from your body to name what is wrong.", "term": "diagnosis" }, "dialysis": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A treatment that uses a machine to clean the blood when the kidneys can no longer do it.", "student": "When kidneys quit, a machine takes over, filtering waste out of your blood for hours, a few times each week.", "term": "dialysis" }, "diarrhea": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "Passing loose, watery waste from the body many times in a day.", "student": "When your gut empties too fast and runny, usually because something upset your stomach.", "term": "diarrhea" }, "diffuse": { "category": "other", "plain": "Spread out widely over a large area instead of staying in one small spot.", "student": "Diffuse means scattered all over rather than in one place, like a drop of ink spreading through water instead of staying put.", "term": "diffuse" }, "dilatation": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "The widening or stretching open of a body tube, vessel, or opening.", "student": "When a body tube or vessel stretches wider than normal, like a balloon opening up.", "term": "dilatation" }, "dilated": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Made wider or more open than usual, such as blood tubes or the black centre of the eye.", "student": "Dilated just means widened. In a dark room the black dot in your eye gets dilated, opening wider to let in more light.", "term": "dilated" }, "dilation": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "The widening or opening up of a body passage, opening, or blood vessel.", "student": "When a tube or opening in the body stretches wider, like the dark center of your eye growing in the dark.", "term": "dilation" }, "disease-modifying": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "Describing treatments that slow down or change the course of a disease itself, not just its symptoms.", "student": "Some medicines only ease symptoms; these actually slow the illness down, changing how the disease unfolds over time.", "term": "disease-modifying" }, "dislocation": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When a bone slips out of its normal position in a joint.", "student": "When a bone pops out of place at a joint, like a shoulder coming out of its socket. It hurts and needs fixing.", "term": "dislocation" }, "disparities": { "category": "measurement", "plain": "Unfair, avoidable differences in health or care between groups of people.", "student": "Gaps in health between groups that shouldn't exist, often because tools or care were built for some people and not others.", "term": "health disparities" }, "dissection": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A tear in the inner wall of a blood vessel that lets blood leak between its layers.", "student": "When the wall of a blood vessel splits and blood pushes into the crack between its layers, which is dangerous, like a hose wall peeling apart.", "term": "dissection" }, "disseminated": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Spread widely through the body or over a large area, rather than staying in one spot.", "student": "When something like an infection or cancer has scattered widely through the body instead of staying in one place.", "term": "disseminated" }, "distal": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Describing a body part that is farther away from the center of the body, like the hand.", "student": "It means the far end of something. Your fingertips are the far end of your arm, away from your shoulder.", "term": "distal" }, "distension": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "Swelling or stretching of a body part because it is over-filled.", "student": "When a body part like the belly puffs up and feels tight from being too full inside.", "term": "distension" }, "diverticula": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Small pouches that bulge outward from the wall of the intestine.", "student": "Little balloon-like pockets that push out from the tube your food travels through.", "term": "diverticula" }, "diverticulitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Painful swelling and infection of small pouches that bulge out from the wall of the gut.", "student": "Little pockets can form in the wall of your intestine. When they get inflamed or infected, it hurts.", "term": "diverticulitis" }, "diverticulum": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A small pouch that bulges out from the wall of an organ, often the gut.", "student": "A little pocket that pushes out from the side of a hollow body part, like a small bubble on the wall of a tube.", "term": "diverticulum" }, "dominant": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "Describes a gene version strong enough to show its effect even if only one copy is present.", "student": "Like a louder voice that gets heard even when a quieter one disagrees; one copy is enough to win.", "term": "dominant" }, "doxycycline": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "An antibiotic medicine used to treat many bacterial infections.", "student": "A common antibiotic, a medicine that kills the harmful bacteria causing an infection.", "term": "doxycycline" }, "drug-induced": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Caused by a medicine or drug rather than by an illness itself.", "student": "When a health problem is brought on by a medicine someone took, as a side effect, instead of by a disease.", "term": "drug-induced" }, "ducts": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Small tubes inside the body that carry fluids from one place to another.", "student": "These are like tiny pipes inside your body that carry liquids such as tears, saliva, or digestive juices.", "term": "ducts" }, "duodenum": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The first, short section of the small intestine, just after the stomach.", "student": "The first stretch of the small gut, right where food leaves the stomach and digestion carries on.", "term": "duodenum" }, "dysautonomia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A problem with the nerves that control automatic body jobs like heartbeat, blood pressure, and digestion.", "student": "When the body's autopilot nerves misfire, so things like heartbeat or digestion don't run smoothly.", "term": "dysautonomia" }, "dysfunction": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When a body part or system does not work the way it should.", "student": "Think of it as a part of the body not doing its job properly, like a machine running badly.", "term": "dysfunction" }, "dysgenesis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "The faulty or incomplete formation of an organ or body part before birth.", "student": "When a body part doesn't form fully or correctly while a baby is still growing inside the womb.", "term": "dysgenesis" }, "dyskinesia": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "Unwanted, uncontrolled body movements that a person cannot stop.", "student": "When parts of the body move on their own, twisting or jerking, without the person meaning to do it.", "term": "dyskinesia" }, "dyslipidemia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "An unhealthy balance of fats, such as cholesterol, in the blood.", "student": "The fats in the blood are out of healthy balance, which over time can clog blood vessels.", "term": "dyslipidemia" }, "dysmenorrhea": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "Painful cramps in the lower belly during monthly periods.", "student": "The strong, aching cramps some people feel in the lower tummy during their monthly period.", "term": "dysmenorrhea" }, "dysostosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Abnormal formation of bones, present from birth, affecting their shape or joining.", "student": "When bones form in an unusual shape or don't join properly, a difference a person is born with.", "term": "dysostosis" }, "dysphagia": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "Difficulty or discomfort when trying to swallow food or drink.", "student": "When swallowing feels hard, stuck, or painful, like food will not go down the way it should.", "term": "dysphagia" }, "dysplasia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Abnormal growth or development of cells, tissue, or an organ, sometimes an early warning sign.", "student": "When cells or body parts grow in an odd, not-quite-right way. It doesn't always mean danger, but doctors keep an eye on it.", "term": "dysplasia" }, "dysplastic": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Describing cells that look abnormal and may become unhealthy over time.", "student": "Cells that have grown a bit odd in shape and could turn into trouble later if not watched.", "term": "dysplastic" }, "dyspnea": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "The feeling of not being able to breathe easily or getting out of breath.", "student": "That tight, struggling feeling when you just cannot catch your breath, even without running around.", "term": "dyspnea" }, "dysregulation": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "When the body or mind loses its normal control over a process, so it runs too high or too low.", "student": "When something the body usually keeps in balance goes out of control, swinging too far one way or the other.", "term": "dysregulation" }, "dystrophy": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A condition where muscles or other body parts slowly weaken, shrink, or stop working properly.", "student": "It's when muscles gradually lose their strength over time, like a phone battery that holds less and less charge as it ages.", "term": "dystrophy" }, "dysuria": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "Pain or burning while passing urine.", "student": "It hurts or stings when you pee, often a sign that germs have infected the waterworks.", "term": "dysuria" }, "echinococcosis": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A disease where tapeworm larvae form fluid-filled cysts, often in the liver or lungs.", "student": "A sickness from baby tapeworms, caught from dogs or sheep, that grow slow water-balloon-like cysts inside organs.", "term": "echinococcosis" }, "echocardiogram": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A picture of the beating heart made using sound waves.", "student": "The sound-wave photo of your heart in action, showing doctors how well each part is pumping and its valves are moving.", "term": "echocardiogram" }, "echocardiography": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A test that uses sound waves to make moving pictures of the heart as it beats.", "student": "Harmless sound waves bounce off your heart to create a live video of it pumping, the same trick used to see babies before birth.", "term": "echocardiography" }, "ectodermal": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the early layer of cells in an embryo that grows into skin, hair, teeth, and nerves.", "student": "To do with one of the first cell layers a tiny embryo forms, which later becomes skin, hair, teeth, and nerves.", "term": "ectodermal" }, "edema": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling caused by extra fluid building up and getting trapped in the body's tissues.", "student": "When watery fluid leaks out and collects in body parts, they puff up and swell, like a sponge holding too much water.", "term": "edema" }, "effect size": { "category": "measurement", "plain": "How strongly one thing, like a gene change, actually pushes on an outcome, like disease risk.", "student": "How big a push something gives, not just whether it matters but by how much.", "term": "effect size" }, "effusion": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A buildup of extra fluid in a space or cavity of the body where it does not belong.", "student": "When extra fluid leaks and collects in a space in the body, like water pooling where it shouldn't.", "term": "effusion" }, "ehlers-danlos": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "An inherited condition that makes the body's supporting tissue unusually stretchy, loose, and easily hurt.", "student": "A condition passed down in families where skin and joints are extra stretchy and injure very easily.", "term": "ehlers-danlos" }, "electrocardiogram": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A painless test that records the heart's electrical signals to check how it is beating.", "student": "A quick test where sticky pads on your chest draw your heartbeat as a wavy line, showing if the heart beats normally.", "term": "electrocardiogram" }, "electrocardiography": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A test that records the heart's electrical signals to check its rhythm and health.", "student": "A quick, painless test with stickers on your chest that draws the heart's electrical beat as a wavy line.", "term": "electrocardiography" }, "electroencephalogram": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A test that records the brain's electrical activity through small sensors on the scalp.", "student": "Sensors on the head pick up the brain's tiny electrical waves to check how it is working.", "term": "electroencephalogram" }, "electrolyte": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Minerals in blood and body fluids, like sodium and potassium, that carry tiny electric charges and keep the body working.", "student": "Special salts in your body fluids, like the ones in sports drinks, that help your nerves, muscles and heart work properly.", "term": "electrolyte" }, "electromyography": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A test that measures the electrical signals in muscles and the nerves that control them.", "student": "This checks the electricity in your muscles and nerves to find out why they feel weak.", "term": "electromyography" }, "embolism": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A blockage of a blood vessel by a clot or bubble carried along in the blood.", "student": "When something like a clot travels through the blood and gets stuck, blocking flow like a jam in a pipe.", "term": "embolism" }, "embolization": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A treatment that deliberately blocks a blood vessel to stop bleeding or cut off a growth's blood supply.", "student": "Doctors can plug a chosen blood vessel on purpose, like putting a cork in a pipe, to stop bleeding or starve a lump.", "term": "embolization" }, "encephalitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A condition where the brain becomes swollen and sore, usually caused by a germ, which can disturb thinking, movement, and alertness.", "student": "This is when the brain itself gets swollen and irritated, often from a virus. Because the brain runs everything, a person can get confused or very sleepy.", "term": "encephalitis" }, "encephalomyelitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling of the brain and spinal cord, usually from infection or the immune system.", "student": "Both the brain and the spinal cord get inflamed, which can affect movement and thinking.", "term": "encephalomyelitis" }, "encephalopathy": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Any disease that changes how the brain works, causing confusion, memory trouble, or personality changes.", "student": "A broad word for the brain not working right: thinking gets foggy and memory slips, often because something is upsetting the brain.", "term": "encephalopathy" }, "end-stage": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "The final and most severe phase of a disease, when an organ has mostly stopped working.", "student": "The last stage of a serious illness, when an organ is so damaged it can barely work anymore.", "term": "end-stage" }, "endemic": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A disease that is always present at a steady level in a particular region.", "student": "An illness that is a regular part of one area, always around rather than coming in surprise waves.", "term": "endemic" }, "endocarditis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "An infection of the inner lining or valves of the heart.", "student": "Germs settle on the heart's inside surfaces or valves and grow there: a serious infection that needs strong treatment.", "term": "endocarditis" }, "endocrine": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "The body system of glands that make chemical messengers called hormones.", "student": "Your body's chemical mail service, glands that release hormones into the blood to quietly control mood, growth, and energy.", "term": "endocrine" }, "endometrial": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the lining inside the womb.", "student": "To do with the soft inner lining of the womb that thickens and then sheds during a period.", "term": "endometrial" }, "endometriosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A condition where tissue like the womb's lining grows outside the womb, causing pain.", "student": "Tissue that belongs inside the womb starts growing in the wrong places, causing pain each month: common but often missed.", "term": "endometriosis" }, "endometrium": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The soft inner lining of the uterus that thickens each month and sheds during a period.", "student": "The cushion-like layer inside the womb; it builds up to hold a baby and washes away if there isn't one.", "term": "endometrium" }, "endoscopic": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "Using a thin tube with a camera to look inside the body without major surgery.", "student": "Doctors slide in a bendy tube with a tiny camera to peek inside you, like a snake with an eye.", "term": "endoscopic" }, "endoscopy": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A test where a doctor passes a thin tube with a tiny camera inside the body to look around.", "student": "A slim tube with a light and camera slides inside you, letting doctors watch a live view on a screen without any big cut.", "term": "endoscopy" }, "endothelial": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the thin layer of cells lining the inside of blood vessels.", "student": "About the smooth cell coating on the inner walls of your blood vessels, like tile lining a pipe.", "term": "endothelial" }, "enterocolitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling and irritation of the small and large intestines, often causing diarrhoea and pain.", "student": "Both parts of your gut get inflamed at once, so your belly hurts and you get diarrhoea, usually from an infection.", "term": "enterocolitis" }, "enteropathy": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Any disease or damage of the intestine, the long tube that digests food.", "student": "A general word for something going wrong in the gut, where food is broken down and absorbed.", "term": "enteropathy" }, "enthesopathy": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A problem at the spots where tendons or ligaments attach to bone.", "student": "The places where ropes of tissue anchor into bone can get sore or damaged.", "term": "enthesopathy" }, "eosinophilia": { "category": "immunology", "plain": "Having too many of a certain infection-fighting white blood cell in the blood.", "student": "One kind of germ-fighting cell rises in number, often during allergies or a parasite infection.", "term": "eosinophilia" }, "eosinophilic": { "category": "immunology", "plain": "Involving a type of immune cell that rises during allergies and parasite infections.", "student": "To do with a special defender cell that shows up when you have allergies or tiny worm invaders.", "term": "eosinophilic" }, "eosinophils": { "category": "immunology", "plain": "A type of white blood cell that fights parasites and takes part in allergic reactions.", "student": "Special defence cells in your blood that battle worm-like parasites and get busy during allergies like asthma.", "term": "eosinophils" }, "epicondyle": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "A small bony bump near a joint where muscles and tendons attach.", "student": "A little knob of bone close to a joint, like the bumps on your elbow where muscles grab on.", "term": "epicondyle" }, "epidemiology": { "category": "measurement", "plain": "The study of how often diseases occur in different groups and why.", "student": "Detective work on diseases: who gets them, where, and what raises the odds.", "term": "epidemiology" }, "epidermis": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The thin, outermost layer of the skin that you can see and touch.", "student": "The very top layer of your skin, the part you can see and feel on the outside.", "term": "epidermis" }, "epididymis": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "A coiled tube behind each testicle where sperm are stored and finish maturing.", "student": "A tightly coiled tube sitting behind each testicle, where sperm are kept and finish growing up.", "term": "epididymis" }, "epididymitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Inflammation of the coiled tube behind the testicle, causing pain and swelling.", "student": "When the small coiled tube behind a testicle gets inflamed and sore, usually from an infection.", "term": "epididymitis" }, "epilepsy": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A brain condition that causes repeated seizures.", "student": "A brain condition where sudden bursts of electrical activity cause seizures, when the body may shake or a person blanks out.", "term": "epilepsy" }, "epinephrine": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "A hormone and emergency medicine that speeds up the heart and prepares the body for sudden action.", "student": "Also called adrenaline. It is the rush your body makes when scared, and doctors use it to jump-start a stopped heart.", "term": "epinephrine" }, "epithelial": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the thin layer of cells that covers the body's surfaces and lines its organs.", "student": "This is about the sheet of cells that lines your skin, mouth, and insides, like the tiling that covers every surface.", "term": "epithelial" }, "epithelium": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The thin sheet of closely packed cells that covers the body's surfaces and lines its organs and tubes.", "student": "A thin layer of cells that works like wallpaper, covering your skin's surface and lining the inside of organs and tubes.", "term": "epithelium" }, "epstein-barr": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A very common virus that causes glandular fever and is linked to some other diseases.", "student": "A widespread germ most people catch; it can cause a tiredness-and-fever illness sometimes called the kissing disease.", "term": "epstein-barr" }, "erectile": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Relating to body tissue that can stiffen and swell by filling up with blood.", "student": "To do with parts of the body that can get firm by filling up with blood.", "term": "erectile" }, "erythema": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "Redness of the skin caused by extra blood flowing to that area, often from irritation or illness.", "student": "When a patch of skin turns red because more blood rushes there, doctors call it this. It's the same redness you see when you blush.", "term": "erythema" }, "erythematosus": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A word describing skin or tissue that is red and inflamed.", "student": "A medical word for redness of the skin, used in disease names like lupus, where patches turn red and sore.", "term": "erythematosus" }, "erythrocytes": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Red blood cells, which carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.", "student": "The red cells in your blood that pick up oxygen in the lungs and deliver it all around your body.", "term": "erythrocytes" }, "esophageal": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the tube that carries food from your mouth down to your stomach.", "student": "This is about your food pipe, the stretchy tube that pushes each bite from your throat down to your tummy.", "term": "esophageal" }, "esophagitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Soreness and swelling of the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach.", "student": "The pipe that food slides down to your stomach gets inflamed and sore, often from acid.", "term": "esophagitis" }, "esophagogastroduodenoscopy": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A test that passes a thin camera through the mouth to view the food pipe, stomach, and upper gut.", "student": "A tiny camera on a bendy tube goes down the throat so doctors can see the stomach from the inside.", "term": "esophagogastroduodenoscopy" }, "esophagus": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The muscular tube that carries food and drink from your throat down to your stomach.", "student": "It's the slide that food travels down after you swallow, squeezing everything from your mouth into your stomach.", "term": "esophagus" }, "estrogen": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "A hormone that guides female body development and the menstrual cycle.", "student": "A chemical messenger, high in females, that steers body changes during puberty and monthly periods.", "term": "estrogen" }, "etiology": { "category": "other", "plain": "The cause or origin of a disease, meaning what makes it happen.", "student": "The reason a sickness happens in the first place, its root cause.", "term": "etiology" }, "eumycetoma": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A slow fungal infection, often of the foot, causing swelling and lumps.", "student": "A slow-growing mould infection, usually in the foot, that makes it swell up with lumps and small openings.", "term": "eumycetoma" }, "exertion": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Physical effort, like exercise or hard work that makes the body work harder.", "student": "Pushing your body hard, like running or lifting, so your heart and lungs speed up.", "term": "exertion" }, "exophthalmos": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "Abnormal bulging or pushing forward of one or both eyes.", "student": "When the eyes seem to pop or push forward out of their sockets more than they should.", "term": "exophthalmos" }, "extracorporeal": { "category": "other", "plain": "Happening or done outside the body rather than inside it.", "student": "Something that takes place outside the body, like a machine that cleans or treats the blood from outside.", "term": "extracorporeal" }, "extremities": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The parts of the body farthest from the center: the arms, legs, hands, and feet.", "student": "These are your body's far ends, your hands, feet, arms, and legs, the parts that stick out farthest from your middle.", "term": "extremities" }, "fallopian": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the two tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the womb in women.", "student": "The pair of narrow tubes in a woman's body that an egg travels along each month on its way to the womb.", "term": "fallopian" }, "familial": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "Running in families, meaning it is passed from parents to children through their genes.", "student": "It means a trait or illness tends to show up in the same family, handed down from parents like eye colour.", "term": "familial" }, "far-sightedness": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "An eye condition where nearby objects look blurry but distant ones are clearer.", "student": "When close-up things look fuzzy but faraway things are easier to see, fixed with the right glasses.", "term": "far-sightedness" }, "fasciitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Painful swelling of the tough sheet of tissue that wraps around muscles.", "student": "The stretchy sheet that covers muscles gets inflamed and sore, which can hurt a lot when you move.", "term": "fasciitis" }, "fat-soluble": { "category": "other", "plain": "Able to dissolve in fat or oil instead of in water.", "student": "A substance that mixes into fat, not water, like how oil blends into butter but not into a glass of water.", "term": "fat-soluble" }, "fatigue": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "A deep, heavy tiredness that does not go away even after rest.", "student": "Like your battery staying near empty no matter how much you sleep; more than just feeling a bit sleepy.", "term": "fatigue" }, "fecal": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Relating to the solid waste the body passes out from the gut.", "student": "A polite medical word for anything to do with poop, the waste left after your body takes what it needs from food.", "term": "fecal" }, "fecal-oral": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A way germs spread when tiny bits of infected stool reach another person's mouth.", "student": "How some germs travel: from poop to mouth, usually through dirty hands, water, or food that wasn't washed.", "term": "fecal-oral" }, "fetal": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Describing a baby while it is still growing inside its mother's body, before it is born.", "student": "This word means anything to do with a baby while it is still developing inside its mother, in the months before birth.", "term": "fetal" }, "fetal-haemoglobin": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "The special oxygen-carrying protein in a baby's blood before it is born.", "student": "The kind of oxygen-carrying stuff in a baby's blood while still inside the mother, later swapped for the adult kind.", "term": "fetal-haemoglobin" }, "fibrillation": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A heart problem where part of the heart quivers fast and unevenly instead of beating in a steady rhythm.", "student": "The heart muscle shivers and flutters in a messy way instead of squeezing in a calm, regular beat, so it pumps poorly.", "term": "fibrillation" }, "fibroma": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "A harmless lump made of tough, fibrous body tissue.", "student": "A non-cancer lump made of the stringy, tough tissue that holds body parts together.", "term": "fibroma" }, "fibromyalgia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A long-term condition that causes widespread pain and tiredness throughout the body.", "student": "A condition where the whole body aches and feels worn out for a long time, without an obvious injury.", "term": "fibromyalgia" }, "fibrosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When an organ builds up tough, thick scar-like material that makes it stiff and work less well.", "student": "It's like a scar forming inside an organ. The soft, working part gets replaced by tough tissue, so it can't do its job.", "term": "fibrosis" }, "fibrous": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Made of tough, thread-like tissue.", "student": "Made of tough, stringy fibres, like the strong threads that give scars and tendons their firmness.", "term": "fibrous" }, "fight-or-flight": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "The body's automatic response that gets you ready to face danger or run away from it.", "student": "The quick body reaction when scared, heart pounding and muscles ready, so you can either fight or run.", "term": "fight-or-flight" }, "filariasis": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A disease from thread-like worms spread by mosquitoes, which can swell the legs.", "student": "A disease from tiny thread-worms passed by mosquito bites; over years it can badly swell the legs.", "term": "filariasis" }, "fistula": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "An unusual tunnel that forms between two body parts that were never meant to be joined together.", "student": "Imagine two rooms accidentally linked by a secret passage that should not be there. In the body, that wrong connection is this.", "term": "fistula" }, "flatulence": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "Gas that builds up in the gut and is passed out through the back passage.", "student": "The gas your gut makes while digesting food that comes out as a fart. Everyone gets it.", "term": "flatulence" }, "floaters": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "Tiny shapes or specks that seem to drift across your vision, caused by bits inside the eye.", "student": "Sometimes you see little threads or dots drifting when you look at the sky. They come from tiny bits inside your eye.", "term": "floaters" }, "fluorosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Damage to teeth or bones from taking in too much fluoride over time.", "student": "Getting too much fluoride, often from drinking water, for years can stain the teeth or weaken the bones.", "term": "fluorosis" }, "folliculitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Infection or swelling of the tiny pockets in the skin that grow hair.", "student": "The little pits that hairs grow from get infected, making small red, sore bumps.", "term": "folliculitis" }, "foreskin": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The fold of skin that covers the rounded tip of the penis.", "student": "The soft fold of skin that naturally covers the end of the penis; some boys have it removed for health or custom.", "term": "foreskin" }, "frontotemporal": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the front and side parts of the brain, behind the forehead and temples.", "student": "About the brain areas behind your forehead and temples that handle personality, behavior, and language.", "term": "frontotemporal" }, "fungal": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "Caused by a fungus, a living thing like mould or yeast that can infect the body.", "student": "Caused by fungus, the same family as mushrooms and mould, which can grow on skin or inside and cause infection.", "term": "fungal" }, "furosemide": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "A medicine that makes the body remove extra water and salt by producing more urine.", "student": "A medicine that helps the body get rid of extra water by making you pee more, which eases swelling.", "term": "furosemide" }, "gallbladder": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "A small pouch under the liver that stores a greenish juice the body uses to break down fatty food.", "student": "Think of it as a tiny storage bag tucked under your liver. It holds a special juice that helps your body handle oily, greasy meals.", "term": "gallbladder" }, "gallstone": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A hard, stone-like lump that forms in the gallbladder.", "student": "A small hard pebble that builds up in the gallbladder, a pouch that stores digestive juice.", "term": "gallstone" }, "gallstones": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Hard, pebble-like lumps that form in the gallbladder, a small sac that stores digestive juice.", "student": "Small hard stones that can grow inside the gallbladder, a little bag near the liver that stores fluid to help digest food.", "term": "gallstones" }, "gametogenesis": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "The body's process of making reproductive cells, the eggs and sperm.", "student": "How the body builds the special cells, eggs and sperm, that can one day join to make a baby.", "term": "gametogenesis" }, "gammopathy": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A condition where the body makes too much of one abnormal infection-fighting protein.", "student": "When your body churns out too much of one faulty germ-fighting protein, which can clog up your blood.", "term": "gammopathy" }, "gangrene": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "The death of body tissue, usually from poor blood flow or infection.", "student": "When a body part's tissue dies because blood or oxygen stops reaching it, often turning dark.", "term": "gangrene" }, "gastric": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the stomach.", "student": "Just a doctor's word for anything to do with your stomach, like the acid juices that help break down your food.", "term": "gastric" }, "gastritis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling and soreness of the stomach's inner lining.", "student": "The inside wall of your stomach gets irritated and sore, causing pain, often after certain foods or germs.", "term": "gastritis" }, "gastroenteritis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Infection of the stomach and intestines that causes vomiting and loose motions.", "student": "Germs upset the stomach and gut, giving you the classic vomiting and diarrhoea.", "term": "gastroenteritis" }, "gastroesophageal": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to both the stomach and the food pipe that connects the mouth to the stomach.", "student": "This word links two body parts: your stomach and the tube food slides down to reach it.", "term": "gastroesophageal" }, "gastrointestinal": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Having to do with the stomach and the tube that food travels through in the body.", "student": "A word for your whole food-processing route, from stomach to gut, where meals get broken down.", "term": "gastrointestinal" }, "genetic": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "Relating to genes, the coded instructions inside our cells that are passed down from parents.", "student": "It's about the tiny instruction codes you inherit from your parents, the recipe that decides many things about your body.", "term": "genetic" }, "genetics": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "The study of how living things pass on features, like eye colour or certain illnesses, from parents to children.", "student": "The science of how traits get handed down in families, like why you might have your mom's smile. It's the instruction book inside your cells.", "term": "genetics" }, "genitals": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The external sex and reproductive organs of the body.", "student": "The private body parts used for reproduction, on the outside of the body.", "term": "genitals" }, "genitourinary": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the organs that make and pass urine and the organs used for reproduction.", "student": "To do with the body parts that make and pass urine, and the parts used to make babies.", "term": "genitourinary" }, "genome": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "The full set of DNA instructions inside your cells — your complete genetic manual.", "student": "Your body's entire instruction book, written in DNA. Every cell carries a copy.", "term": "genome" }, "genomics": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "The science of reading and understanding the whole genome and what all its genes do.", "student": "The field that reads your whole DNA book at once to learn how it shapes health.", "term": "genomics" }, "genotype": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "The specific gene versions a person carries in their DNA.", "student": "The exact DNA hand you were dealt, before you see how it plays out.", "term": "genotype" }, "genotyped": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "Having had one's DNA read to find which gene versions are present.", "student": "Having your DNA scanned to see which gene versions you carry.", "term": "genotyped" }, "genus": { "category": "other", "plain": "A biology group that ranks above species and holds closely related living things.", "student": "A grouping scientists use to sort living things; it's like a family surname shared by close relatives.", "term": "genus" }, "gestational": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Relating to pregnancy or the time a baby grows in the womb.", "student": "About pregnancy, the months when a baby is growing inside its mother's womb.", "term": "gestational" }, "gingivitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Redness, swelling, and bleeding of the gums caused by germs building up on teeth.", "student": "Sore, puffy gums that bleed a bit when you brush, because germs are piling up along your teeth.", "term": "gingivitis" }, "glands": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Body parts that make and release useful substances such as sweat, spit, or chemical messengers.", "student": "These are the body's little factories. Some make sweat, some make spit, and some release chemical signals that tell other parts of the body what to do.", "term": "glands" }, "glaucoma": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "An eye disease where pressure builds up inside the eye and slowly damages sight.", "student": "Fluid pressure rises inside the eye and quietly harms the nerve that carries what you see; untreated, it can steal vision.", "term": "glaucoma" }, "glomerulonephritis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When the tiny filters inside the kidneys become swollen and irritated, so they clean the blood poorly.", "student": "The kidney's microscopic filters get inflamed and leaky, letting things escape into urine that should have stayed in your blood.", "term": "glomerulonephritis" }, "glomerulosclerosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Scarring of the tiny filters in the kidney, reducing their ability to clean blood.", "student": "When the kidney's tiny sieves get scarred and stiff, so they can't filter waste from the blood as well.", "term": "glomerulosclerosis" }, "glossitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling and soreness of the tongue.", "student": "The tongue becomes puffy, red, and sore, sometimes so smooth that it loses its normal tiny bumps.", "term": "glossitis" }, "glucocorticoids": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "A group of steroid medicines that reduce inflammation in the body.", "student": "Strong steroid medicines that calm swelling and an overactive defence system, copying a natural body hormone.", "term": "glucocorticoids" }, "glycosaminoglycans": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Long chains of sugar molecules that help build and cushion the body's tissues.", "student": "Special sugar chains the body uses like packing material, giving tissues, joints, and fluids their springy, slippery feel.", "term": "glycosaminoglycans" }, "gonadotropin": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "A hormone that signals the sex glands to work and make eggs, sperm, or sex hormones.", "student": "A chemical messenger that tells the body's sex glands to get busy making eggs, sperm, or their hormones.", "term": "gonadotropin" }, "gonorrhea": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "An infection spread through sex, caused by bacteria.", "student": "A sickness passed between people during sex, caused by tiny germs; it needs medicine to be cured.", "term": "gonorrhea" }, "gram-negative": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A group of bacteria with a special outer coat that makes them harder to kill with some drugs.", "student": "A type of germ with an extra tough outer shell, so certain medicines have trouble breaking in.", "term": "gram-negative" }, "granulocytes": { "category": "immunology", "plain": "A type of white blood cell that helps fight infection by attacking germs.", "student": "Tiny soldier cells in your blood, packed with germ-fighting chemicals, that rush in to defend you when germs attack.", "term": "granulocytes" }, "granuloma": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A tiny lump the body forms to wall off something it cannot clear away.", "student": "When the body can't get rid of an irritant, it surrounds it with a small protective clump of cells.", "term": "granuloma" }, "granulomatosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A disease where the body forms many small lumps of immune cells in its tissues.", "student": "The immune system makes lots of tiny protective clumps throughout the body, which can damage organs.", "term": "granulomatosis" }, "granulomatous": { "category": "immunology", "plain": "Involving tiny clumps of immune cells that form when the body walls off an irritant.", "student": "When your defense cells huddle into little lumps to trap something they can't fully destroy.", "term": "granulomatous" }, "haemophilia": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "An inherited condition where blood does not clot properly, so bleeding lasts too long.", "student": "A condition passed down in families where the blood can't form scabs well, so even small cuts keep bleeding.", "term": "haemophilia" }, "halitosis": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "Bad-smelling breath from the mouth.", "student": "The medical word for bad breath, when your mouth smells unpleasant, often from germs on the teeth or tongue.", "term": "halitosis" }, "hallucinations": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "Seeing, hearing, or feeling things that seem completely real but are not actually there.", "student": "When your senses trick you: you hear a voice or see something that feels totally real, but it isn't there and nobody else finds it.", "term": "hallucinations" }, "hamartoma": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "A harmless lump made of the body's own tissues growing in a jumbled way.", "student": "A non-cancer lump where normal body tissue grows in a messy, mixed-up clump in one spot.", "term": "hamartoma" }, "hashimoto's": { "category": "immunology", "plain": "A disorder in which the body's defense system attacks its own thyroid, a gland in the neck.", "student": "When the body's protectors turn on the neck gland that controls energy, slowly wearing it down.", "term": "hashimoto's" }, "heartburn": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "A burning feeling in the chest that happens when acid from the stomach rises back up the food pipe.", "student": "Sometimes the sour liquid in your stomach creeps upward and makes your chest feel hot and stingy. Despite the name, it has nothing to do with your heart.", "term": "heartburn" }, "helicobacter": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A spiral-shaped germ that lives in the stomach and can cause ulcers and long-term irritation.", "student": "A curly little germ that can hide in your stomach lining and cause painful sores over time.", "term": "helicobacter" }, "helminthiasis": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "An infection of the body by parasitic worms, often living in the gut.", "student": "When parasitic worms move into the body, usually the gut, and live off the food you eat.", "term": "helminthiasis" }, "hemangioma": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A harmless lump made of extra blood vessels bunched together, often seen on the skin.", "student": "A cluster of tiny blood vessels grows into a soft red mark or lump, usually harmless, and often fading on its own.", "term": "hemangioma" }, "hematoma": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A pool of blood collected under the skin or in tissue, like a big bruise.", "student": "Blood leaks out of a broken vessel and pools in one spot, making a swollen, bruise-like lump.", "term": "hematoma" }, "hematopoietic": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Relating to the making of new blood cells, which happens mainly inside bone.", "student": "To do with how the body builds fresh blood cells, a job done mostly deep inside your bones.", "term": "hematopoietic" }, "hematuria": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "The presence of blood in the urine.", "student": "Seeing blood when you pee. It's a sign that something in the kidneys or bladder needs checking.", "term": "hematuria" }, "hemodialysis": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A treatment that uses a machine to clean the blood when the kidneys have failed.", "student": "When kidneys stop working, a machine filters the blood for them, usually a few times each week.", "term": "hemodialysis" }, "hemoglobin": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "The substance in red blood cells that grabs oxygen in your lungs and carries it to the rest of your body.", "student": "It is the part of red blood cells that works like a tiny delivery truck, picking up oxygen and dropping it wherever your body needs it.", "term": "hemoglobin" }, "hemolysis": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "The breaking apart of red blood cells, spilling what is inside them.", "student": "The red cells that carry oxygen burst open and fall apart, releasing their contents into the blood.", "term": "hemolysis" }, "hemolytic": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Involving the breaking apart of red blood cells.", "student": "When red blood cells burst open and break down faster than the body can replace them.", "term": "hemolytic" }, "hemophilia": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "An inherited condition where blood does not clot properly, so bleeding lasts too long.", "student": "A condition passed down in families where the blood can't form scabs well, so even small cuts keep bleeding.", "term": "hemophilia" }, "hemorrhage": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Heavy or fast loss of blood, either outside the body or hidden inside it, from a damaged blood tube.", "student": "A hemorrhage is serious bleeding, when blood escapes fast from a broken vessel, sometimes hidden inside the body where you cannot see it.", "term": "hemorrhage" }, "hemorrhagic": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Involving heavy or dangerous bleeding.", "student": "Describes something caused by bleeding, like when a blood vessel bursts and blood leaks where it should not.", "term": "hemorrhagic" }, "hemorrhoids": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swollen veins near the back passage that can be sore or bleed.", "student": "Puffy, swollen veins around the bottom, also called piles. They can itch, hurt, or bleed, especially with hard stools.", "term": "hemorrhoids" }, "hepatic": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the liver, the large organ that cleans the blood and helps digest food.", "student": "This is about the liver, your body's big filter that cleans your blood and helps break down what you eat.", "term": "hepatic" }, "hepatitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A condition where the liver becomes swollen and sore, usually caused by a virus, and stops working the way it should.", "student": "Your liver cleans your blood. In hepatitis it gets swollen and irritated, usually from a virus, so it struggles to do its cleaning job.", "term": "hepatitis" }, "hereditary": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "Passed down from parents to their children through genes.", "student": "Some traits and illnesses travel from parents to kids through genes, like passing down eye colour. If something runs in the family, it is this kind of thing.", "term": "hereditary" }, "heritability": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "How much of the difference in a trait between people is explained by their genes.", "student": "How much of a trait comes down to DNA versus everything else in life.", "term": "heritability" }, "herpes": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A family of viruses that cause sores, such as cold sores or blisters on the skin.", "student": "A common group of germs that make small painful blisters, like the cold sores some people get on their lips.", "term": "herpes" }, "herpesvirus": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A family of viruses that can cause sores, blisters, or long-lasting infections in people.", "student": "A group of viruses that can cause cold sores or blisters and often stay hidden in the body for life.", "term": "herpesvirus" }, "heterogeneous": { "category": "other", "plain": "Made up of many different kinds or types, not all the same.", "student": "A mix of lots of different types, not one single kind, like a bag of assorted sweets rather than all one flavour.", "term": "heterogeneous" }, "heterozygous": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "Having two different versions of the same gene, one inherited from each parent.", "student": "Getting two different forms of a gene, one from each parent, instead of two matching ones.", "term": "heterozygous" }, "hirschsprung's": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A condition present from birth where part of the gut is missing the nerves needed to push waste along.", "student": "Some babies are born with a piece of gut that has no nerves, so waste gets stuck instead of moving on.", "term": "hirschsprung's" }, "histiocytosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A group of conditions where a certain infection-fighting cell builds up and damages tissue.", "student": "A group of illnesses where one type of defence cell multiplies too much and harms bone, skin, or organs.", "term": "histiocytosis" }, "histological": { "category": "other", "plain": "Relating to examining tissue under a microscope to study its tiny structure.", "student": "To do with putting a small piece of tissue under a microscope to look at its cells up close.", "term": "histological" }, "histoplasmosis": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A lung infection caught by breathing in a fungus found in soil with bird droppings.", "student": "A lung sickness you catch by breathing in a mould that grows in soil dirtied by bird or bat droppings.", "term": "histoplasmosis" }, "hiv-positive": { "category": "other", "plain": "Having the virus that weakens the body's germ-fighting system.", "student": "Carrying the virus that slowly wears down the body's defences, which can be managed with medicine.", "term": "hiv-positive" }, "hormonal": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Relating to hormones, the body's chemical messengers.", "student": "About hormones, the tiny chemical messengers that travel in the blood and control things like growth and mood.", "term": "hormonal" }, "hormones": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Chemical messengers made by the body that travel in blood to control how organs work.", "student": "Tiny chemical messages your body sends through the blood to tell organs what to do and when.", "term": "hormones" }, "hospitalization": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "Being admitted to a hospital so doctors can watch and treat you closely.", "student": "When someone is so sick they have to stay in a hospital bed for care, not just a quick visit.", "term": "hospitalization" }, "hyalosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Tiny deposits floating in the clear jelly inside the eye.", "student": "Little specks form in the clear jelly that fills the eye, which a person may see as floating dots.", "term": "hyalosis" }, "hydrocele": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A painless swelling caused by fluid gathering around a testicle.", "student": "Watery fluid collects in the sac around a testicle, making it swell up softly, usually without any pain.", "term": "hydrocele" }, "hydrocephalus": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A build-up of too much fluid inside the brain, which raises the pressure there.", "student": "When extra watery fluid collects in the brain and presses on it, like a balloon filling too much.", "term": "hydrocephalus" }, "hydronephrosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling of a kidney because urine cannot drain and backs up inside it.", "student": "When pee can't flow out properly, it backs up and stretches the kidney like a balloon.", "term": "hydronephrosis" }, "hyperactivity": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "Being unusually active, restless, and unable to stay still.", "student": "Being extra restless and always on the move, finding it very hard to sit quietly or wait your turn.", "term": "hyperactivity" }, "hyperbilirubinemia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Too much of a yellow waste substance in the blood, which turns skin and eyes yellow.", "student": "When a yellow leftover from old blood cells builds up, tinting the skin and eyes yellow.", "term": "hyperbilirubinemia" }, "hypercalcemia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Having too much calcium, a mineral, floating in the blood.", "student": "Calcium keeps bones strong, but too much of it in the blood can make you tired and confused.", "term": "hypercalcemia" }, "hypercholesterolaemia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Having too much cholesterol, a fatty substance, in the blood.", "student": "When there is too much of a fatty substance called cholesterol in your blood, which can clog up vessels over time.", "term": "hypercholesterolaemia" }, "hypercholesterolemia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Having too much cholesterol, a fatty substance, in the blood.", "student": "Too much of a fatty material builds up in the blood and can slowly clog the pipes that carry it.", "term": "hypercholesterolemia" }, "hyperglycemia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Higher than normal levels of sugar in the blood.", "student": "When there is too much sugar floating in your blood, a key sign in diabetes.", "term": "hyperglycemia" }, "hyperinsulinemia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Having too much insulin, the hormone that controls blood sugar, in the blood.", "student": "The body pumps out extra of the hormone that manages sugar, often when cells stop responding to it.", "term": "hyperinsulinemia" }, "hyperkalemia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Having too much potassium in the blood, which can upset the heartbeat.", "student": "When there is too much of a mineral called potassium in your blood, it can throw off your heart's steady beat.", "term": "hyperkalemia" }, "hyperkeratosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Thickening of the tough outer layer of the skin.", "student": "The skin's top layer grows extra thick, forming hard patches like calluses.", "term": "hyperkeratosis" }, "hyperlipidemia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Having too much fat, such as cholesterol, in the blood.", "student": "Too many fatty materials float in the blood and can slowly clog the vessels.", "term": "hyperlipidemia" }, "hyperostosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Extra, abnormal bone growth that makes bone thicker than normal.", "student": "When bone grows too much and gets unusually thick, like extra layers piling on where they are not needed.", "term": "hyperostosis" }, "hyperparathyroidism": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A condition where small glands in the neck make too much of the hormone that controls calcium in the blood.", "student": "Tiny glands in your neck can go into overdrive and push too much calcium into your blood, which upsets the body.", "term": "hyperparathyroidism" }, "hyperplasia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When a body part grows larger because its cells multiply more than normal.", "student": "It is when an organ's tiny cells start copying themselves too fast, making the part swell bigger than it should be.", "term": "hyperplasia" }, "hyperprolactinemia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Too much of a hormone called prolactin in the blood, which can affect the body's balance.", "student": "When the body makes too much of a chemical messenger called prolactin, which can throw off other body signals.", "term": "hyperprolactinemia" }, "hypersensitivity": { "category": "immunology", "plain": "When the body's defence system overreacts to something harmless, causing allergies or damage.", "student": "When your body's germ-fighting system panics at something harmless, like pollen, and overreacts, which is what causes allergies.", "term": "hypersensitivity" }, "hypertension": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When blood pushes too hard against the walls of the tubes carrying it, for a long time.", "student": "Blood pressure that stays too high; like water pushing too hard inside the body's pipes.", "term": "hypertension" }, "hypertensive": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Relating to or caused by high blood pressure.", "student": "To do with blood pushing too hard on the vessel walls, known as high blood pressure.", "term": "hypertensive" }, "hyperthyroidism": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A condition where the thyroid gland makes too much hormone, speeding up the body.", "student": "When a neck gland makes too much of its hormone, so your body races: fast heart, weight loss, jitters.", "term": "hyperthyroidism" }, "hypertrophic": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Describes a body part that has grown thicker or bigger than normal.", "student": "When a muscle or tissue gets extra thick and bulky, like a heart wall growing too much.", "term": "hypertrophic" }, "hypertrophy": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When a body part grows bigger because its cells enlarge, often from extra work.", "student": "A muscle or organ bulks up because its cells grow larger, sometimes healthy like exercise, sometimes a sign it is overworking.", "term": "hypertrophy" }, "hyperuricemia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Having too much uric acid, a waste product, in the blood.", "student": "A waste chemical builds up in the blood and can form sharp crystals that cause gout.", "term": "hyperuricemia" }, "hypoaldosteronism": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Having too little of a hormone that controls the body's salt and water balance.", "student": "When the body makes too little of the chemical that manages its salt levels, upsetting the balance.", "term": "hypoaldosteronism" }, "hypocalcemia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Having too little calcium in the blood, which can cause muscle cramps and tingling.", "student": "When there is too little of the mineral calcium in your blood, muscles can twitch, cramp, or tingle.", "term": "hypocalcemia" }, "hypogammaglobulinemia": { "category": "immunology", "plain": "Having too few antibodies, the tiny defenders that fight infection, in the blood.", "student": "The body's germ-fighting proteins are in short supply, so infections happen more easily.", "term": "hypogammaglobulinemia" }, "hypoglycemia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When the sugar level in the blood drops too low, causing shakiness, sweating, or confusion.", "student": "Your body runs on blood sugar for fuel; when it dips too low you feel shaky, sweaty and dizzy, like a phone on 1% battery.", "term": "hypoglycemia" }, "hypogonadism": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When the body makes too little of its sex hormones.", "student": "When the glands that make sex hormones underperform, which can affect growth and development.", "term": "hypogonadism" }, "hypokalemia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Having too little potassium, an important mineral, in the blood.", "student": "Potassium helps muscles and the heart work. Too little of it can cause weakness and cramps.", "term": "hypokalemia" }, "hyponatraemia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Having too little sodium, a salt mineral, in the blood.", "student": "When the salt level in your blood drops too low, which can leave you confused, weak, or sick.", "term": "hyponatraemia" }, "hyponatremia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Having too little sodium, a salt mineral, in the blood.", "student": "Sodium is a salt the body needs in balance. Too little can cause confusion and weakness.", "term": "hyponatremia" }, "hypoparathyroidism": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A condition where small neck glands make too little of the hormone that controls calcium in the body.", "student": "When tiny glands in the neck slack off and produce too little of the chemical that keeps calcium steady.", "term": "hypoparathyroidism" }, "hypophosphatemia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Having too little phosphate, a mineral needed for bones and energy, in the blood.", "student": "When your blood runs low on phosphate, a mineral your bones and energy system need, leaving you weak.", "term": "hypophosphatemia" }, "hypoplasia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When a body part does not grow to its full size or stays underdeveloped.", "student": "Sometimes an organ or body part stays smaller than it should because it didn't fully grow.", "term": "hypoplasia" }, "hypoplastic": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Describing a body part that did not grow enough and is smaller or less developed than normal.", "student": "When a body part does not fully form or stays too small before birth, doctors describe it with this word.", "term": "hypoplastic" }, "hypospadias": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A condition present at birth where the urine opening is on the underside of the penis, not the tip.", "student": "Something a boy is born with, where the hole that passes urine sits lower than usual and can be fixed by surgery.", "term": "hypospadias" }, "hypotension": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Blood pressure that is lower than normal, which can cause dizziness or fainting.", "student": "When the push of blood through the body drops too low, which can make a person feel dizzy or faint.", "term": "hypotension" }, "hypothyroidism": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A condition where a gland in the neck makes too little of the chemical that controls the body's energy.", "student": "A neck gland slows down and makes too little of a body messenger, so a person feels tired, cold, and slow, like a dimmed engine.", "term": "hypothyroidism" }, "hypovitaminosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A condition caused by not having enough of a particular vitamin in the body.", "student": "When your body is short on a certain vitamin, causing problems, like weak bones from too little vitamin D.", "term": "hypovitaminosis" }, "hypovolemic": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Caused by the body losing too much blood or fluid, leaving too little to circulate.", "student": "When the body loses so much blood or fluid that there is not enough left to keep flowing properly.", "term": "hypovolemic" }, "hypoxemia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When there is too little oxygen in the blood.", "student": "The blood is not carrying enough oxygen to the body, a bit like a phone running low on charge.", "term": "hypoxemia" }, "hysterectomy": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "An operation to remove a woman's womb.", "student": "Surgery that takes out the womb, the organ where a baby would grow.", "term": "hysterectomy" }, "iatrogenic": { "category": "other", "plain": "Describes a health problem accidentally caused by medical treatment itself.", "student": "When the treatment or test meant to help ends up causing a new problem: an unintended side effect of medical care.", "term": "iatrogenic" }, "ibuprofen": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "A common medicine used to ease pain, bring down fever, and reduce swelling.", "student": "It's an everyday medicine many people take for aches, fever, or swelling, the kind you might get for a bad headache or a twisted ankle.", "term": "ibuprofen" }, "ichthyosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A condition where the skin becomes very dry, thick, and scaly like fish skin.", "student": "The skin grows dry, rough scales, a bit like a fish, because it renews itself too fast or in the wrong way.", "term": "ichthyosis" }, "idiopathic": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Describes an illness whose cause doctors have not been able to find.", "student": "It's a fancy way of saying 'we don't know why this happened.' The illness is real, but its cause stays a mystery.", "term": "idiopathic" }, "imaging": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "Ways of taking pictures of the inside of the body without cutting it open, using special machines.", "student": "Like a camera that sees through skin and bone, so doctors can look inside you without an operation.", "term": "imaging" }, "immune": { "category": "immunology", "plain": "Relating to the body's built-in defence system that fights off germs and disease.", "student": "Think of it as your body's personal army, always on guard to attack germs that try to make you sick.", "term": "immune" }, "immunocompromised": { "category": "immunology", "plain": "Having a weakened defence system, so the body catches infections more easily than normal.", "student": "When someone's germ-fighting system is weak, so they fall ill more easily and small infections can turn serious.", "term": "immunocompromised" }, "immunodeficiency": { "category": "immunology", "plain": "A weakened body-defense system that cannot fight off germs well, so a person falls ill more often and more seriously.", "student": "Your body has a built-in army that fights germs. When that army is too weak or too small, even tiny bugs can make you very sick.", "term": "immunodeficiency" }, "immunoglobulin": { "category": "immunology", "plain": "A protein made by the body's defence system that finds and fights germs.", "student": "Tiny Y-shaped proteins your body builds to grab onto germs and mark them for destruction, like name-tags saying 'attack this'.", "term": "immunoglobulin" }, "immunosuppressants": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "Medicines that lower the body's defense system, often used after transplants or for some diseases.", "student": "Drugs that turn down the body's germ-fighting army so it won't attack a new organ or its own tissues.", "term": "immunosuppressants" }, "immunosuppression": { "category": "immunology", "plain": "A weakening of the body's disease-fighting system, so it cannot defend against germs as well.", "student": "When the body's built-in defense team is turned down or tired, so germs find it easier to sneak in and cause illness.", "term": "immunosuppression" }, "immunosuppressive": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "Describes medicines that deliberately lower the activity of the body's defence system.", "student": "Medicines that calm down the body's defence system, used when it is attacking the body or after an organ transplant.", "term": "immunosuppressive" }, "immunotherapy": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "Treatment that uses the body's own defence system to fight disease.", "student": "A treatment that trains your body's germ-fighting system to attack an illness like cancer.", "term": "immunotherapy" }, "impulsivity": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "A tendency to act suddenly on urges without stopping to think about the results.", "student": "Doing things on the spot, like blurting out an answer, before your brain has time to check if it is a good idea.", "term": "impulsivity" }, "incidence": { "category": "measurement", "plain": "How many new cases of a disease appear in a population over a set time.", "student": "How many people newly catch or develop a disease in, say, a year.", "term": "incidence" }, "incontinence": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "Not being able to control when you pass urine or stool, so leaks happen without warning.", "student": "When someone can't hold in their pee or poo, so it comes out by accident before they reach a toilet.", "term": "incontinence" }, "incubation": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "The quiet time between catching a germ and the first signs of illness appearing.", "student": "Like a seed planted underground, a germ grows silently inside you for days before you actually start feeling sick.", "term": "incubation" }, "infarction": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "The death of body tissue because its blood supply was suddenly blocked.", "student": "When part of the body dies because blood stopped reaching it; this is what happens in a heart attack.", "term": "infarction" }, "infection": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "When tiny living things like germs get into the body and multiply, making a person sick.", "student": "It's what happens when unwelcome germs sneak into your body and start multiplying, like uninvited guests who refuse to leave.", "term": "infection" }, "infections": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "Separate times when germs get into the body and multiply, causing sickness.", "student": "These are the different episodes where germs invade the body and grow, each one making a person unwell.", "term": "infections" }, "infectious": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "Able to spread from one person or animal to another, usually through tiny germs.", "student": "This kind of illness can jump from person to person, like passing a note across a classroom. Germs travel, and someone else catches it.", "term": "infectious" }, "infertility": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Not being able to have a baby naturally, even after trying for a long time.", "student": "When someone can't have a child the usual way, even after trying for a while. There are often medical reasons, and treatments too.", "term": "infertility" }, "infiltration": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When cells or fluid spread into a tissue where they do not normally belong.", "student": "When unwanted cells or liquid sneak into a body part and build up where they shouldn't be.", "term": "infiltration" }, "inflammation": { "category": "immunology", "plain": "The body's reaction to injury or germs, making the area turn red, warm, puffy, and sore.", "student": "When part of your body gets hurt or invaded, it puffs up and turns red and warm as the body rushes to defend it.", "term": "inflammation" }, "inflammatory": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Causing or involving redness, warmth, swelling, and soreness in a part of the body.", "student": "This describes anything that makes a body part flare up, turning it red, puffy, warm, and tender.", "term": "inflammatory" }, "influenza": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A contagious illness caused by a virus, commonly known as the flu.", "student": "The illness people call the flu, spread by a germ, giving you fever, aches, and a runny nose.", "term": "influenza" }, "ingestion": { "category": "other", "plain": "Taking food, drink, or another substance into the body by swallowing.", "student": "Swallowing something so it goes into your body, whether food, drink, or by accident something harmful.", "term": "ingestion" }, "inhibitors": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "Medicines or substances that slow down or block a certain action in the body.", "student": "Think of them as brakes. They stop or slow a specific process, like blocking a signal the body is sending too strongly.", "term": "inhibitors" }, "interferon": { "category": "immunology", "plain": "A natural body chemical that warns nearby cells and helps block viruses from spreading.", "student": "A tiny alarm signal your cells shout out when a virus attacks, telling neighbour cells to lock their doors.", "term": "interferon" }, "interstitial": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Located in the tiny spaces between the cells of a body tissue or organ.", "student": "It means 'in the small gaps between cells', like the narrow spaces between bricks in a wall, but inside your tissues.", "term": "interstitial" }, "intestinal": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the long tube in your belly that breaks down food and takes in nutrients.", "student": "To do with your guts, the long twisty tube where food gets broken down. It's longer than you'd guess, several metres!", "term": "intestinal" }, "intestine": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The long, coiled tube below the stomach where food is digested and nutrients are absorbed.", "student": "This is the long, twisty tube where your food finishes breaking down and the good stuff gets soaked up. Stretched out, it is several metres long, coiled up inside you.", "term": "intestine" }, "intra-abdominal": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Located inside the belly, the space that holds the stomach, gut, and other organs.", "student": "Inside the tummy area, the roomy space packed with organs like the stomach, intestines, and liver.", "term": "intra-abdominal" }, "intra-articular": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Located or happening inside a joint, the place where two bones meet.", "student": "Something inside a joint, like the space where your knee bones meet and bend.", "term": "intra-articular" }, "intracellular": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Located or happening inside a living cell.", "student": "Cells are the tiny building blocks of the body. This word means something is inside one of them, not outside.", "term": "intracellular" }, "intracranial": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Located or happening inside the skull.", "student": "Anything going on within the bony case that holds and protects your brain.", "term": "intracranial" }, "intraepithelial": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Located within the thin layer of cells covering a surface, often where early cancer changes appear.", "student": "Inside the surface layer of cells lining an organ, the spot where cancer changes can first start to show.", "term": "intraepithelial" }, "intrahepatic": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Located or happening inside the liver.", "student": "Something that takes place inside the liver, the large organ that cleans your blood.", "term": "intrahepatic" }, "intraocular": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Located or happening inside the eyeball.", "student": "Something that is inside the eye itself, like the pressure of the fluid within the eyeball.", "term": "intraocular" }, "intrauterine": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Happening inside the womb, where a baby grows before birth.", "student": "This describes anything taking place inside the mother's womb while the baby is still developing before it is born.", "term": "intrauterine" }, "intravascular": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Located or happening inside the blood vessels.", "student": "Inside the blood vessels, the tubes that carry blood all around your body.", "term": "intravascular" }, "intravenous": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "Given straight into a blood vessel through a thin tube, so medicine or fluid reaches the body fast.", "student": "It means going right into your bloodstream through a needle and tube, like a shortcut so medicine starts working quickly.", "term": "intravenous" }, "intubation": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "Placing a tube into a person's windpipe to help them breathe.", "student": "When someone cannot breathe on their own, doctors gently slide a tube into their airway so a machine can push air in.", "term": "intubation" }, "invasive": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Spreading into nearby tissues, or a procedure that enters the body.", "student": "Used for cancer that pushes into surrounding tissue, or a test or surgery that goes inside the body.", "term": "invasive" }, "iridocyclitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Inflammation of the coloured part of the eye and the tissue just behind it.", "student": "When the coloured ring of the eye and the part behind it get inflamed, making the eye red, achy, and light-sensitive.", "term": "iridocyclitis" }, "iron-deficiency": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A shortage of iron in the body, which lowers healthy red blood cell production.", "student": "When the body runs low on iron, so it can't make enough good blood, leaving you pale and tired.", "term": "iron-deficiency" }, "ischemia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A shortage of blood reaching a body part, which starves it of the oxygen it needs to stay alive.", "student": "Blood carries oxygen everywhere. Ischemia is like a traffic jam that blocks blood from reaching a body part, so that part starts to suffer.", "term": "ischemia" }, "ischemic": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Caused by blood flow being blocked or reduced, so a body part does not get enough oxygen.", "student": "When blood can't reach a body part properly, so it starves of oxygen, like a garden hose getting pinched shut.", "term": "ischemic" }, "itraconazole": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "A medicine used to treat infections caused by fungi.", "student": "A drug that kills fungus, the kind of germ behind things like stubborn skin or nail infections.", "term": "itraconazole" }, "ivermectin": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "A medicine used to kill certain worms and parasites in the body.", "student": "A drug that clears out tiny worms or bugs living inside a person or animal, often used for parasite infections.", "term": "ivermectin" }, "jaundice": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "A yellow color in the skin and the white part of the eyes, usually a sign the liver is struggling.", "student": "When skin and eyes turn yellowish. Think of it as a warning light showing the liver may be having trouble cleaning the blood.", "term": "jaundice" }, "keratitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Inflammation of the clear front window of the eye, causing pain and blurry sight.", "student": "When the clear cover at the front of your eye gets sore and cloudy, making your eye red, painful, and blurry.", "term": "keratitis" }, "keratoacanthoma": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "A fast-growing, dome-shaped skin lump that often shrinks away on its own.", "student": "A skin bump that pops up quickly and looks scary but usually fades away by itself over months.", "term": "keratoacanthoma" }, "keratoconjunctivitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Inflammation of both the clear front of the eye and its surface lining.", "student": "When both the clear window of the eye and its thin surface layer get irritated, leaving the eye red and gritty.", "term": "keratoconjunctivitis" }, "keratopathy": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Any disease affecting the clear dome at the front of the eye.", "student": "A general word for anything going wrong with the clear front window of the eye, blurring vision.", "term": "keratopathy" }, "keratosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A rough, thick patch that forms on the skin.", "student": "Part of the skin grows extra thick and rough, like a small hard bump or scaly spot you can feel with your finger.", "term": "keratosis" }, "ketoacidosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A dangerous state where the blood turns too acidic because the body is burning fat for fuel.", "student": "When the body can't use sugar for energy, it burns fat instead, and the leftover acids build up and make you very sick.", "term": "ketoacidosis" }, "klinefelter": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "A genetic condition where a boy is born with an extra female sex chromosome.", "student": "Some boys are born with one extra X chromosome, which can affect growth and development. That is this condition.", "term": "klinefelter" }, "kwashiorkor": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A serious illness, mostly in children, caused by not getting enough protein in food.", "student": "A serious sickness from missing protein for a long time, often leaving a child with a swollen belly.", "term": "kwashiorkor" }, "kyphosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "An outward rounding of the upper back that makes it look hunched.", "student": "The upper back curves too far forward, making the shoulders look rounded or hunched over.", "term": "kyphosis" }, "laminectomy": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "An operation that removes part of a backbone to relieve pressure on the spinal nerves.", "student": "Surgery that shaves off a piece of the backbone to give squeezed nerves more room and ease back or leg pain.", "term": "laminectomy" }, "laparotomy": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "An operation that opens the belly with a large cut to examine or treat organs inside.", "student": "Surgery where doctors make a cut across the tummy to see and fix the organs inside.", "term": "laparotomy" }, "laryngeal": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the voice box, the part of the throat that lets you speak and make sounds.", "student": "To do with the voice box in your throat, the part that buzzes when you talk or sing.", "term": "laryngeal" }, "laryngitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Inflammation of the voice box, causing a hoarse or lost voice.", "student": "When the part of your throat that makes sound gets swollen, leaving your voice croaky or gone for a while.", "term": "laryngitis" }, "laryngoscopy": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A test that uses a small scope to look at the voice box in the throat.", "student": "Doctors use a little scope to peek at the voice box and see why a voice sounds hoarse.", "term": "laryngoscopy" }, "larynx": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The voice box in the throat that lets you speak and protects the airway.", "student": "Your voice box in the throat; it makes sound when you talk and guards the pipe to your lungs.", "term": "larynx" }, "lateral": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Positioned toward the side of the body, away from the middle line.", "student": "It simply means toward the side. Your ears sit on the lateral parts of your head, away from your nose in the center.", "term": "lateral" }, "left-to-right": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Describing blood flowing from the left side of the heart to the right through an abnormal opening.", "student": "In some heart problems, blood leaks from the left side across to the right through a gap that should not be there.", "term": "left-to-right" }, "leishmaniasis": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A disease caused by tiny parasites spread through the bite of infected sandflies.", "student": "A sickness you catch when a tiny sandfly bites you and passes on a germ that hides inside your body's cells.", "term": "leishmaniasis" }, "lepromatosis": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "An infection by bacteria that causes a form of leprosy, damaging skin and nerves.", "student": "A germ that causes a kind of leprosy, slowly harming the skin and the nerves that let you feel touch.", "term": "lepromatosis" }, "leptospirosis": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A bacterial infection caught from water or soil contaminated with animal urine.", "student": "A sickness you can catch from water dirtied by animal pee, especially after wading through floods.", "term": "leptospirosis" }, "lesch-nyhan-syndrome": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "A rare inherited disorder that affects movement, behavior, and body chemistry, mainly in boys.", "student": "A rare condition passed down in genes that makes muscles and behavior hard to control, mostly affecting boys.", "term": "lesch-nyhan-syndrome" }, "lesion": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "An area of the body that has been damaged by injury or disease.", "student": "It's any spot that's hurt or changed by disease or injury, like a dent or mark showing something went wrong there.", "term": "lesion" }, "lesions": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Areas of the body that have been damaged or changed by injury or illness, like a wound or sore patch.", "student": "Think of these as spots where something has gone wrong in the body, like a bruise, cut, or unhealthy patch that a doctor can point to.", "term": "lesions" }, "leukemia": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "A cancer of the blood where the body makes too many faulty white blood cells.", "student": "A blood cancer where the body's germ-fighting cells grow wrongly and crowd out the healthy ones, making a person weak and sick.", "term": "leukemia" }, "leukocyte": { "category": "immunology", "plain": "A white blood cell, part of the body's defense against germs.", "student": "One of the body's germ-fighting soldiers floating in the blood, always ready to attack invaders.", "term": "leukocyte" }, "leukodystrophies": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "Rare inherited diseases that damage the protective covering around nerves in the brain.", "student": "Rare inherited illnesses that harm the insulation around brain wires, so signals get scrambled.", "term": "leukodystrophies" }, "leukodystrophy": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "An inherited disease that damages the protective coating around nerves in the brain.", "student": "A condition you're born with that wears away the insulation around brain wires, slowly affecting movement and thinking.", "term": "leukodystrophy" }, "leukoplakia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Thick white patches inside the mouth that cannot be rubbed off.", "student": "Stubborn white patches on the inside of the cheek or tongue that don't wipe away and need checking.", "term": "leukoplakia" }, "ligament": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "A tough, stretchy band that connects bones to each other at a joint.", "student": "Strong elastic straps that tie your bones together, holding joints like your knee or ankle steady when you move.", "term": "ligament" }, "lipoprotein": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "A tiny package in the blood that carries fat and cholesterol around the body.", "student": "A little delivery van in your blood that moves fatty stuff around, because fat cannot swim through blood alone.", "term": "lipoprotein" }, "long-standing": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Present for a long time, describing a condition that has lasted many months or years.", "student": "Something that has been around for ages, like a health problem that just won't go away.", "term": "long-standing" }, "lordosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "An inward curve of the lower back that is deeper than normal.", "student": "The lower back curves inward too much, making the belly and behind stick out more than usual.", "term": "lordosis" }, "lupus": { "category": "immunology", "plain": "A disease where the immune system attacks the body's own healthy tissues.", "student": "An illness where your body's defense system gets confused and starts fighting your own organs.", "term": "lupus" }, "lymph": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "A clear fluid that moves through the body, carrying disease-fighting cells and washing away waste.", "student": "Think of it as the body's cleaning water: it flows around, picks up germs and trash, and helps your defenses catch invaders.", "term": "lymph" }, "lymphadenitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling and soreness of the small bean-shaped glands that help fight infection.", "student": "When the little 'filter stations' in your body that trap germs get swollen and tender, usually while fighting an infection.", "term": "lymphadenitis" }, "lymphadenopathy": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling of the small bean-shaped glands that help the body fight infection.", "student": "Little filter glands in your neck and body swell up when they are busy fighting germs.", "term": "lymphadenopathy" }, "lymphangitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Inflammation of the thin channels that carry infection-fighting fluid around the body.", "student": "When the tiny drainage tubes that carry your body's cleaning fluid get inflamed, often showing red streaks on the skin.", "term": "lymphangitis" }, "lymphatic": { "category": "immunology", "plain": "Relating to the network of vessels that drains extra fluid from body tissues and helps fight infection.", "student": "Your body has a drainage network of tubes that clears away waste fluid and helps guard against germs. This word describes that system.", "term": "lymphatic" }, "lymphedema": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling, often in an arm or leg, that happens when body fluid cannot drain and builds up.", "student": "Puffy swelling when the body's drainage system gets blocked and watery fluid collects, usually in a limb.", "term": "lymphedema" }, "lymphocyte": { "category": "immunology", "plain": "A type of white blood cell that helps the body fight infections.", "student": "A kind of white blood cell, one of the body's tiny soldiers that recognise and fight off germs.", "term": "lymphocyte" }, "lymphocytes": { "category": "immunology", "plain": "A type of white blood cell that fights infection and helps the body remember past germs.", "student": "White blood cells that act like soldiers, fighting germs and remembering old enemies so they can beat them faster next time.", "term": "lymphocytes" }, "lymphocytic": { "category": "immunology", "plain": "Involving lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that fights infection.", "student": "About a kind of white blood cell that's part of your body's germ-fighting team.", "term": "lymphocytic" }, "lymphohistiocytosis": { "category": "immunology", "plain": "A dangerous condition where infection-fighting cells overreact and attack the body's own tissues.", "student": "When the body's defence cells go into overdrive and start harming healthy parts instead of just fighting germs.", "term": "lymphohistiocytosis" }, "lymphoma": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "A cancer that starts in the body's defence system, causing certain cells to grow out of control.", "student": "A cancer of the body's germ-fighting network, where guard cells multiply wrongly. It often shows up as swollen lumps in the neck or armpit.", "term": "lymphoma" }, "lymphoproliferative": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Describing conditions in which the body's infection-fighting white blood cells multiply too much.", "student": "When the germ-fighting cells of the body start copying themselves far too many times and pile up.", "term": "lymphoproliferative" }, "lysis": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "The bursting or breaking apart of a cell.", "student": "When a cell splits open and falls apart, spilling out what was inside, like a balloon popping.", "term": "lysis" }, "lysosomal": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "Relating to the lysosome, the tiny part of a cell that breaks down and recycles waste.", "student": "About the cell's recycling bin; if it fails, junk piles up inside cells and can cause certain inherited diseases.", "term": "lysosomal" }, "macroglobulinemia": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "A condition where the blood holds too much of a large, sticky antibody protein.", "student": "When the blood carries too much of one big, sticky germ-fighting protein, making the blood thick and sluggish.", "term": "macroglobulinemia" }, "macrophages": { "category": "immunology", "plain": "Large immune cells that swallow and destroy germs and dead cells.", "student": "Big eater cells in your body that gobble up germs and rubbish, like living vacuum cleaners for your blood.", "term": "macrophages" }, "malabsorption": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When the gut fails to take in enough nutrients from food, so the body misses out on what it needs.", "student": "Your food passes through but your intestines don't soak up its vitamins and energy, so your body stays short even after eating.", "term": "malabsorption" }, "malformation": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A body part that formed in the wrong shape or way, usually before birth.", "student": "It's when a part of the body is built incorrectly from the start, like a wall laid with the pieces out of place.", "term": "malformation" }, "malignancies": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "Cancers, harmful growths that can invade nearby areas and spread to other parts of the body.", "student": "Dangerous growths that don't stay put but can spread through the body, another word for cancers.", "term": "malignancies" }, "malignancy": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "A cancer, or a growth that can spread and harm the body.", "student": "A dangerous growth of cells that can invade nearby parts and spread, which is what cancer does.", "term": "malignancy" }, "malignant": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "Describes a dangerous growth that can spread through the body and damage healthy parts.", "student": "This is the harmful, spreading kind of growth. Unlike a harmless lump that stays put, it invades nearby areas and can travel to make trouble elsewhere.", "term": "malignant" }, "malnutrition": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Poor health caused by not getting enough food, or the right kinds of food the body needs.", "student": "When your body misses out on the food or nutrients it needs to stay healthy and grow properly.", "term": "malnutrition" }, "marrow": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The soft, spongy material inside bones where blood cells are made.", "student": "Deep inside your bones is a soft filling that works like a factory, making fresh blood cells every single day. Bones are not solid all the way through.", "term": "marrow" }, "mastitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Painful swelling of breast tissue, often from infection during breastfeeding.", "student": "The breast becomes red, hot, and sore, often when germs get in while a mother is feeding her baby.", "term": "mastitis" }, "mastocytosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A condition with too many mast cells, which release chemicals causing itching and flushing.", "student": "When the body has too many of a cell that triggers allergies, so the skin itches, flushes, or breaks out.", "term": "mastocytosis" }, "mean shift": { "category": "measurement", "plain": "When the average value for one group sits higher or lower than for the group a test was built on.", "student": "When a whole group's average is nudged up or down compared to the group a tool was made for.", "term": "mean shift" }, "mean-shift": { "category": "measurement", "plain": "When the average value for one group sits higher or lower than for the group a test was built on.", "student": "When a whole group's average is nudged up or down compared to the group a tool was made for.", "term": "mean-shift" }, "mebendazole": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "A medicine that kills worms living in a person's intestines.", "student": "A medicine that gets rid of worms in the gut. It starves the worms so the body can clear them out.", "term": "mebendazole" }, "median": { "category": "measurement", "plain": "The middle value in a list of numbers arranged from smallest to largest.", "student": "The number right in the middle when you line up all the values in order, with half below it and half above.", "term": "median" }, "megacolon": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A dangerously wide, swollen large intestine that cannot push waste through normally.", "student": "When the lower gut swells up far too wide and stops moving food waste along the way it should.", "term": "megacolon" }, "megaloblastic": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A type of anemia where red blood cells grow abnormally large and don't work well.", "student": "A blood problem where the red cells swell too big and can't do their job, often from missing vitamins.", "term": "megaloblastic" }, "melanocytes": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Special skin cells that make the coloring which gives skin, hair, and eyes their shade.", "student": "Tiny factory cells in your skin that make the natural paint deciding how dark or light your skin looks.", "term": "melanocytes" }, "melanoma": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "A serious skin cancer that starts in the cells giving skin its colour.", "student": "A dangerous skin cancer that begins in the cells that make your skin's colour, sometimes looking like a changing dark mole.", "term": "melanoma" }, "mellitus": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A Latin label attached to the sugar disease diabetes, marking the type where blood sugar runs too high.", "student": "This old word simply tags the sugar disease diabetes, pointing to the kind where the body cannot keep blood sugar down.", "term": "mellitus" }, "membrane": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "A thin, soft sheet of tissue that covers, lines, or separates parts inside the body.", "student": "Picture a layer of cling film inside your body, a thin sheet that wraps and shields things or keeps two spaces apart.", "term": "membrane" }, "membranes": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Thin, soft layers of body tissue that cover, line, or separate parts inside the body.", "student": "Think of them as delicate wrappers or sheets inside your body that cover and protect organs, a bit like cling film over food.", "term": "membranes" }, "meningitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling of the thin coverings around the brain and spinal cord, often from an infection.", "student": "When the protective wrapping around your brain gets swollen and sore, usually from germs. It can be very serious and needs quick care.", "term": "meningitis" }, "menopause": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "The natural time in a woman's life when monthly periods stop for good.", "student": "The stage, usually around age 50, when a woman's body stops releasing eggs and her monthly periods come to an end.", "term": "menopause" }, "menstrual": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Relating to the monthly bleeding that is part of the female reproductive cycle.", "student": "This is about periods, the monthly cycle in a woman's body where the womb sheds its lining, a natural part of growing up.", "term": "menstrual" }, "menstruation": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "The monthly flow of blood from the womb out through the vagina.", "student": "The monthly period when blood leaves a woman's womb, part of the natural cycle that prepares the body for a baby.", "term": "menstruation" }, "mesenchymal": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the body's connective tissue cells that form bone, cartilage, fat, and more.", "student": "To do with early, all-purpose cells that grow into support tissues like bone, fat, and cartilage.", "term": "mesenchymal" }, "mesenteric": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the tissue that holds the intestines in place inside the belly.", "student": "Having to do with the sheet of tissue that anchors your guts and carries blood vessels to them.", "term": "mesenteric" }, "mesothelioma": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "A cancer of the thin lining around the lungs or belly, often caused by asbestos.", "student": "A rare cancer of the thin sheet lining the chest or belly, usually linked to breathing asbestos long ago.", "term": "mesothelioma" }, "metabolic": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Relating to how the body turns food into energy and building materials to keep working.", "student": "It's about your body's chemistry, how it changes food into fuel. Think of it as the engine that keeps everything running.", "term": "metabolic" }, "metabolism": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "All the chemical steps the body uses to turn food into energy and building materials, and to clear out waste.", "student": "Think of your body as an engine. Metabolism is how it burns food for fuel, builds and repairs itself, and gets rid of leftovers.", "term": "metabolism" }, "metastasis": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "The spread of cancer from where it started to other parts of the body.", "student": "Cancer cells can break away and travel to new places in the body and start growing there too.", "term": "metastasis" }, "metastasize": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "When cancer cells spread from where they started to other parts of the body.", "student": "When bad cells break away from the first lump and travel through the body to start new lumps somewhere else.", "term": "metastasize" }, "methotrexate": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "A medicine that slows down overactive cells, used for cancer and some immune diseases.", "student": "A strong medicine that calms cells growing too fast, helping with cancer or swollen joints.", "term": "methotrexate" }, "metronidazole": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "An antibiotic medicine used against certain bacteria and parasites.", "student": "A drug doctors give to fight some germs and gut parasites that other common medicines cannot handle.", "term": "metronidazole" }, "microscopy": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "Using a special tool to look closely at things far too small for the eye to see.", "student": "Some cells and germs are tiny. A microscope makes them big enough to study.", "term": "microscopy" }, "mineralization": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "The process of minerals like calcium hardening into bone or teeth.", "student": "How the body cements minerals into place to make bones and teeth strong and hard.", "term": "mineralization" }, "mis-calibration": { "category": "measurement", "plain": "When a test's numbers are tuned to the wrong group, so its risk estimates are systematically off.", "student": "When a test is set for the wrong crowd, so all its readings are shifted the wrong way.", "term": "mis-calibration" }, "mis-stratification": { "category": "measurement", "plain": "Sorting people into the wrong risk groups, so the wrong people get flagged as high or low risk.", "student": "Putting people in the wrong risk bucket, like a smoke alarm that screams in the kitchen but stays silent in the bedroom.", "term": "mis-stratification" }, "miscarriage": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "The loss of a pregnancy before the baby is developed enough to survive.", "student": "When a pregnancy ends on its own too early, before the baby has grown enough to live outside the womb.", "term": "miscarriage" }, "mitochondria": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Tiny parts inside cells that turn food and oxygen into the energy the body uses.", "student": "Little power stations inside each cell that burn food and oxygen to make energy for the body.", "term": "mitochondria" }, "mitochondrial": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "Relating to mitochondria, the tiny parts inside cells that make energy.", "student": "To do with the cell's power plants, the tiny engines that turn food into the energy your body runs on.", "term": "mitochondrial" }, "mitral": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to a valve on the left side of the heart that controls blood flow between two chambers.", "student": "To do with one of the heart's doorway valves on the left side, which keeps blood flowing the right way.", "term": "mitral" }, "monochromacy": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A condition in which a person cannot see any colors and views the world only in shades of gray.", "student": "Seeing the world like an old black-and-white photo, with no colors at all, only grays.", "term": "monochromacy" }, "monogenic": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "Caused by a change in a single gene.", "student": "A one-gene disease — one broken instruction is enough to cause it.", "term": "monogenic" }, "mononucleosis": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A viral infection causing fever, sore throat, and deep tiredness, spread through saliva.", "student": "Often called the kissing disease, this virus spreads through spit and leaves you feverish and very tired.", "term": "mononucleosis" }, "mortality": { "category": "measurement", "plain": "How often death happens in a group of people, often measured for a certain illness.", "student": "It's a way to measure how many people die, usually from a disease. Higher numbers mean the illness is more dangerous.", "term": "mortality" }, "motor": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Relating to the muscles and the body's ability to move.", "student": "In medicine, this word means anything to do with moving your muscles, like walking, gripping a pen, or lifting your arm.", "term": "motor" }, "mucocele": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A soft, harmless lump filled with mucus, often inside the lip or mouth.", "student": "A little bubble filled with spit or mucus, often on the inside of the lip where a small gland got blocked.", "term": "mucocele" }, "mucopolysaccharidosis": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "An inherited disease where the body cannot break down certain sugars, so they build up and cause harm.", "student": "The body is missing a tool to clear away a kind of sugar, so it piles up and damages organs over time.", "term": "mucopolysaccharidosis" }, "mucosa": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The soft, moist inner lining of body parts like the mouth, nose, and gut.", "student": "The damp inner wallpaper of hollow body parts, kept slippery so food, air, and other things slide through smoothly.", "term": "mucosa" }, "mucosal": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the soft, wet inner lining of body parts like the nose, mouth, or gut.", "student": "It's about the moist, slippery layer inside your nose and mouth that stays wet to protect you, like a soft raincoat inside.", "term": "mucosal" }, "mucous": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to mucus, the slippery fluid that moistens and protects inner body surfaces.", "student": "Describes the slimy stuff, mucus, and the moist linings that make it, like the wet inside of your nose that traps germs.", "term": "mucous" }, "mucus": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "The slippery, slimy fluid that coats and protects the inside of the nose, throat, and gut.", "student": "The slimy stuff in your nose and throat that traps dust and germs so they can't get deeper inside.", "term": "mucus" }, "multifactorial": { "category": "other", "plain": "Caused by many different factors working together rather than one single cause.", "student": "When something happens because of lots of reasons mixed together, not just one, like genes plus diet plus lifestyle.", "term": "multifactorial" }, "mutation": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "A change in the DNA sequence, which can be harmless, helpful, or harmful.", "student": "A typo in the DNA book — most do nothing, some matter a lot.", "term": "mutation" }, "mutations": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "Changes in the tiny instructions inside cells that tell the body how to grow and work.", "student": "Think of it as a typo in the body's instruction manual; sometimes harmless, sometimes it changes how the body is built.", "term": "mutations" }, "myasthenia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Muscle weakness that tends to get worse the more the muscles are used.", "student": "When muscles tire out and grow weak quickly with use, so even simple movements become hard.", "term": "myasthenia" }, "mycobacterium": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A group of tough bacteria that includes the germs causing tuberculosis and leprosy.", "student": "A family of hardy germs, including the one that causes TB, with a waxy coat that's hard to kill.", "term": "mycobacterium" }, "mycosis": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "An infection caused by a fungus, like the germ behind athlete's foot.", "student": "A sickness caused by fungus, the same family as mould or mushrooms, growing on the skin or inside the body.", "term": "mycosis" }, "myelin": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The fatty covering around nerves that helps signals travel quickly, like insulation on a wire.", "student": "A fatty wrapping around nerves, like the plastic coating on a wire, that helps messages zip along fast.", "term": "myelin" }, "myelitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling of the spinal cord, the nerve bundle inside your backbone.", "student": "The thick nerve cable running down inside your spine gets inflamed, which can affect movement and feeling.", "term": "myelitis" }, "myelodysplastic": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Relating to disorders where bone marrow makes faulty, poorly working blood cells.", "student": "When the body's blood factory in the bones starts making broken cells instead of healthy ones.", "term": "myelodysplastic" }, "myelofibrosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A disease where scar tissue builds up in the bone marrow, where blood is made.", "student": "The spongy factory inside bones that makes blood gets scarred, so it can't make enough healthy blood cells.", "term": "myelofibrosis" }, "myeloma": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "A cancer of certain blood-making cells inside the bones.", "student": "A cancer that starts in the soft factory inside bones that makes blood cells, which slowly weakens the bones.", "term": "myeloma" }, "myocardial": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the muscle of the heart.", "student": "About the heart's muscle, the strong wall that squeezes to pump blood around your body.", "term": "myocardial" }, "myocarditis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling and irritation of the heart muscle, which can weaken how the heart pumps.", "student": "The heart's own muscle gets inflamed, often after a virus, making it pump weakly and beat oddly for a while.", "term": "myocarditis" }, "myopathies": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Diseases that make the muscles weak, painful, or unable to work properly.", "student": "A group of illnesses where the muscles themselves become weak or sore and stop doing their job well.", "term": "myopathies" }, "myopathy": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A disease of the muscles themselves that makes them weak.", "student": "The muscles are unwell, so they tire and weaken even when the nerves controlling them work fine.", "term": "myopathy" }, "myositis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling and weakness of the muscles caused by inflammation.", "student": "The muscles get puffy and sore from the inside, which makes them weak and achy to use.", "term": "myositis" }, "narcolepsy": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A brain condition that makes a person suddenly and uncontrollably fall asleep during the day.", "student": "A condition where someone can drop into sleep out of nowhere, even in the middle of talking or eating.", "term": "narcolepsy" }, "nasopharynx": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The space at the back of the nose, just above the throat.", "student": "The hidden area behind your nose where the nose meets the top of your throat.", "term": "nasopharynx" }, "nausea": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "The uneasy feeling in the stomach that makes a person feel they might throw up.", "student": "That queasy, churning feeling in your belly right before you might be sick, like the worst part of a bumpy car ride.", "term": "nausea" }, "necrosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "The death of body cells or tissue in one area, often from lack of blood or injury.", "student": "When a patch of the body dies because it stopped getting blood or was badly hurt, like a plant part that withers away.", "term": "necrosis" }, "necrotizing": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Causing living body tissue to die and break down.", "student": "When living tissue in the body dies off, often quickly, which is a serious and damaging process.", "term": "necrotizing" }, "neonatal": { "category": "other", "plain": "Relating to the first few weeks of a baby's life just after birth.", "student": "It means the newborn stage, the very first days after a baby is born, when they are tiny and need the most care.", "term": "neonatal" }, "neoplasia": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "An abnormal, uncontrolled growth of cells that can form a lump or tumour.", "student": "When cells forget the stop-growing rule and keep multiplying, they pile into an unwanted growth, sometimes harmless, sometimes cancer.", "term": "neoplasia" }, "neoplasm": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A lump made of body cells that have grown more than they should; it can be harmless or dangerous.", "student": "It's an unwanted clump of extra cells your body grew by mistake, like a pile that keeps stacking up when it shouldn't.", "term": "neoplasm" }, "neoplasms": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Lumps of tissue that grow when the body makes too many cells that it does not need.", "student": "Sometimes the body keeps making extra cells that pile up into a lump. Some lumps are harmless, and some can be dangerous.", "term": "neoplasms" }, "neoplastic": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "Relating to an abnormal, uncontrolled growth of cells, such as a tumour.", "student": "To do with cells that keep dividing when they should stop, piling up into an unwanted lump.", "term": "neoplastic" }, "nephrectomy": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "An operation to remove all or part of a kidney.", "student": "Surgery to take out a kidney, often because of cancer or serious damage.", "term": "nephrectomy" }, "nephritis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling and irritation of the kidneys, the organs that clean your blood.", "student": "The kidneys, which filter waste out of your blood, get puffy and irritated, so they cannot clean the blood as well.", "term": "nephritis" }, "nephrocalcinosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A build-up of calcium deposits inside the kidneys that can harm how they work.", "student": "When chalky calcium collects inside your kidneys, like scale building up inside a kettle, making them work less well.", "term": "nephrocalcinosis" }, "nephrolithotomy": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "An operation to remove stones from the kidney through a small cut in the back.", "student": "Surgery that reaches into the kidney through a small back opening to pull out stones that are too big to pass.", "term": "nephrolithotomy" }, "nephropathy": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Any disease or damage that stops the kidneys from cleaning the blood properly.", "student": "It means the kidneys, your blood's filters, are hurt or sick, so waste starts building up instead of leaving your body.", "term": "nephropathy" }, "nephrotic": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Relating to a kidney problem where large amounts of protein leak into the urine.", "student": "About a kidney fault where the filters leak too much protein, so it ends up in your pee.", "term": "nephrotic" }, "neuritis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling or irritation of a nerve, causing pain, tingling, or weakness.", "student": "One of the body's message-carrying wires gets irritated, so that area may hurt, tingle, or feel weak.", "term": "neuritis" }, "neurocysticercosis": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A brain infection caused by the larvae of a pork tapeworm forming cysts.", "student": "When baby tapeworms settle in the brain and form little fluid pockets, a common cause of seizures in some regions.", "term": "neurocysticercosis" }, "neurodegeneration": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "The gradual breakdown and death of nerve cells in the brain or nerves.", "student": "When brain and nerve cells slowly wear out and die, causing problems like memory or movement loss.", "term": "neurodegeneration" }, "neurodegenerative": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Describing a condition where brain and nerve cells slowly break down and die over time.", "student": "It means the brain slowly wears out, like a machine losing parts one by one, making thinking and moving harder over years.", "term": "neurodegenerative" }, "neurodevelopmental": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Relating to how the brain and nervous system grow and mature, usually in childhood.", "student": "About the way a child's brain builds and learns as they grow up, step by step.", "term": "neurodevelopmental" }, "neuroendocrine": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Involving both nerves and hormone-making glands working together.", "student": "Where the nervous system and hormone glands team up to send chemical signals around the body.", "term": "neuroendocrine" }, "neurofibromatosis": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "An inherited condition that causes soft lumps to grow along the nerves.", "student": "A gene change makes harmless lumps grow on nerves under the skin, and it runs in families.", "term": "neurofibromatosis" }, "neurogenic": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Caused by a problem in the nerves or the nervous system.", "student": "When a symptom starts because the nerves aren't working right, doctors call it this.", "term": "neurogenic" }, "neuroleptic": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "A type of medicine used to calm severe mental symptoms like hallucinations.", "student": "A drug that helps quiet a very overactive mind, used when someone sees or believes things that are not real.", "term": "neuroleptic" }, "neurologic": { "category": "other", "plain": "Relating to the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.", "student": "Anything to do with your nerves and brain, the body's electrical wiring and control center.", "term": "neurologic" }, "neurological": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Having to do with the brain, spinal cord, and nerves that control the body.", "student": "A word for anything about your body's control network, the brain and nerves that send signals everywhere.", "term": "neurological" }, "neuroma": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "A growth or lump made of nerve tissue.", "student": "A small lump that forms from a nerve, which can cause pain or odd tingling in that spot.", "term": "neuroma" }, "neuromuscular": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Relating to the way nerves and muscles work together to make the body move.", "student": "It's about the teamwork between your nerves and muscles. Nerves send the signal, muscles do the move, like a remote control and a toy.", "term": "neuromuscular" }, "neuropathy": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Damage to the body's nerves that can cause pain, tingling, numbness, or weakness.", "student": "It's when the tiny wires that carry messages around your body get hurt, so signals like touch or pain go wrong.", "term": "neuropathy" }, "neuropsychiatric": { "category": "other", "plain": "Relating to conditions that affect both the brain and a person's mood or behaviour.", "student": "About problems that touch both how the brain works and how a person feels or acts.", "term": "neuropsychiatric" }, "neutropenia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When the blood has too few of a certain white cell that fights infection.", "student": "Your blood runs low on a key germ-fighting cell, so infections catch you more easily, like a team missing its defenders.", "term": "neutropenia" }, "neutrophil": { "category": "immunology", "plain": "The most common type of white blood cell, which rushes in first to kill germs.", "student": "A kind of white blood cell, like the body's first soldier, arriving fast to fight off germs.", "term": "neutrophil" }, "nevus": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A mole or birthmark, a small colored spot or patch on the skin.", "student": "A mole or birthmark, one of those little colored dots or patches many people have on their skin.", "term": "nevus" }, "nodules": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Small, firm lumps that can grow in or under the skin or inside organs.", "student": "Little hard bumps, like tiny beads, that can form in the body. Most are harmless, but doctors like to check them.", "term": "nodules" }, "non-hodgkin": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "A large group of cancers that begin in the body's infection-fighting white blood cells and lymph glands.", "student": "A cancer that starts in the cells that help you fight germs. Many types are grouped together under this name.", "term": "non-hodgkin" }, "non-hodgkin's": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "A group of cancers that begin in the body's infection-fighting white blood cells.", "student": "A kind of cancer that starts in the cells that normally protect you from germs, making them grow wrongly.", "term": "non-hodgkin's" }, "non-infectious": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Not caused by germs and not able to spread from one person to another.", "student": "A health problem you can't catch from someone, because no germ is behind it.", "term": "non-infectious" }, "non-ischemic": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Not caused by a lack of blood flow to a tissue.", "student": "Describing a heart or tissue problem that isn't due to blood supply being cut off.", "term": "non-ischemic" }, "non-malignant": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "Not cancerous; a growth that does not spread or invade other tissue.", "student": "The safe kind of lump that stays in one place and does not attack the rest of the body.", "term": "non-malignant" }, "non-steroidal": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "Describes pain and swelling medicines that are not steroids, like ibuprofen.", "student": "A family of pain relievers, like ibuprofen, that ease swelling without being steroid drugs.", "term": "non-steroidal" }, "noncancerous": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "Not cancer; a growth that does not spread and destroy nearby tissue.", "student": "A lump that is not the dangerous kind, so it stays put and does not invade the rest of the body.", "term": "noncancerous" }, "noncardiogenic": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Describes a problem, such as fluid in the lungs, that is not caused by the heart.", "student": "A word meaning 'not from the heart', used when something like lung fluid comes from another cause instead.", "term": "noncardiogenic" }, "nonsteroidal": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "A type of pain-and-swelling medicine that does not contain steroids, like ibuprofen.", "student": "A common painkiller that also cuts swelling but isn't a steroid, such as the ones for headaches or sprains.", "term": "nonsteroidal" }, "nsaids": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "A group of common medicines that reduce pain, swelling, and fever, such as ibuprofen.", "student": "These are everyday painkillers, like the tablet you take for a headache or a swollen sprain, all grouped under one name.", "term": "nsaids" }, "obesity": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Having so much extra body fat that it can harm a person's health.", "student": "When the body stores far more fat than it needs, enough to make you unwell over time.", "term": "obesity" }, "obliterans": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A term meaning a passage in the body has become blocked or closed off.", "student": "A word doctors use when a tube or airway inside the body has been sealed shut.", "term": "obliterans" }, "ocular": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the eye.", "student": "A doctor's word that simply means 'to do with the eye'.", "term": "ocular" }, "odontogenic": { "category": "other", "plain": "Starting from or caused by a tooth.", "student": "When an infection or growth begins in a tooth, doctors describe it with this word.", "term": "odontogenic" }, "ophthalmopathy": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Any disease affecting the eye, often linked to thyroid problems.", "student": "A general word for something wrong with the eye, sometimes making the eyes bulge in thyroid disease.", "term": "ophthalmopathy" }, "optic": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the eye or eyesight, especially the nerve that carries pictures from the eye to the brain.", "student": "It means 'to do with the eye and seeing', for example the cable-like nerve that sends what your eye sees to your brain.", "term": "optic" }, "orchitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Painful swelling of a testicle, often caused by an infection.", "student": "One or both testicles become swollen and sore, usually because of germs such as the virus that causes mumps.", "term": "orchitis" }, "orthopedic": { "category": "other", "plain": "Relating to the care of bones, joints, and muscles.", "student": "The branch of medicine that fixes your bones and joints, like when you break an arm.", "term": "orthopedic" }, "ossification": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "The natural process by which soft tissue turns into hard bone.", "student": "How the body builds bone, slowly turning soft, bendy tissue into hard, strong bone as a child grows up.", "term": "ossification" }, "osteoarthritis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A condition where the smooth cushioning inside joints wears away, making them stiff and painful.", "student": "The slippery padding between your bones wears thin over years, so joints grind and ache; common as people get older.", "term": "osteoarthritis" }, "osteoblastoma": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "A rare, non-cancerous bone tumour that usually forms in the spine.", "student": "A rare, harmless bone growth, often in the spine, that can ache but does not spread like cancer.", "term": "osteoblastoma" }, "osteogenesis": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "The body's process of forming new bone.", "student": "How the body builds bone, laying down fresh material to grow and repair the skeleton.", "term": "osteogenesis" }, "osteomalacia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A condition where bones become soft and bend because the body lacks enough vitamin D or minerals.", "student": "Bones go soft and rubbery, often from too little vitamin D, so they ache and can slowly bend out of shape.", "term": "osteomalacia" }, "osteomyelitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "An infection inside a bone, usually caused by germs reaching it.", "student": "Germs get into a bone and grow there, causing deep pain and fever: a stubborn infection needing long, strong treatment.", "term": "osteomyelitis" }, "osteopenia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When bones are somewhat weaker and thinner than normal, but not yet very fragile.", "student": "Bones lose a little of their strength, an early warning before they become truly fragile.", "term": "osteopenia" }, "osteoporosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A condition where bones slowly become weak and full of tiny holes, so they break more easily.", "student": "Imagine bones turning from solid wood into a dry sponge: lighter, more brittle, and easy to crack in a fall.", "term": "osteoporosis" }, "osteosarcoma": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "A cancer that starts in bone, most often in growing teenagers.", "student": "A bone cancer that most often appears in teenagers during growth spurts, usually near the knee, causing pain and swelling.", "term": "osteosarcoma" }, "otitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Inflammation or infection of the ear.", "student": "The ear gets inflamed or infected, the common painful earache, especially in children.", "term": "otitis" }, "ovarian": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the two small organs in a woman's body that store egg cells and make certain body chemicals.", "student": "Women have two small organs that hold their egg cells. This word describes anything connected to them.", "term": "ovarian" }, "palate": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The roof of the mouth, which separates the mouth from the nose.", "student": "The top of the inside of your mouth; run your tongue up and you'll feel it separating mouth from nose.", "term": "palate" }, "palpitations": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "The feeling of your heart beating too fast, too hard, or skipping beats.", "student": "That fluttery feeling when your heart seems to pound or race, like it's doing a little drum solo in your chest.", "term": "palpitations" }, "palsy": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Weakness or loss of muscle control, sometimes with shaking.", "student": "When muscles go weak or stop obeying properly, so a body part can't move the way it should.", "term": "palsy" }, "pancreas": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "An organ near the stomach that makes juices to digest food and hormones to control blood sugar.", "student": "A quiet organ behind your tummy that helps break down meals and keeps your blood sugar steady, like a tiny control room.", "term": "pancreas" }, "pancreatic": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the pancreas, an organ near the stomach that helps digest food and control blood sugar.", "student": "This is about the pancreas, a hidden organ behind your tummy that makes juices to break down food and manage sugar.", "term": "pancreatic" }, "pancreatitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling and soreness of the pancreas, an organ near the stomach that helps digest food and control blood sugar.", "student": "There's an organ behind your stomach that helps digest food and manage sugar. When it becomes swollen and painful, that's this.", "term": "pancreatitis" }, "pancytopenia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A shortage of all three main types of blood cells at the same time.", "student": "The blood runs low on red cells, white cells, and clotting cells all together, leaving a person weak and prone to infection.", "term": "pancytopenia" }, "panencephalitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A rare, widespread inflammation of the brain that slowly worsens over time.", "student": "A rare, serious swelling that spreads across the whole brain and gradually gets worse over months or years.", "term": "panencephalitis" }, "panniculitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling and soreness of the fat layer just under the skin.", "student": "The cushion of fat beneath your skin gets inflamed, causing tender lumps.", "term": "panniculitis" }, "papilloma": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "A small, wart-like growth that is usually not cancer.", "student": "A tiny lump that grows out like a wart on the skin or inside the body, and is usually harmless.", "term": "papilloma" }, "papillomatosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "The growth of many small wart-like lumps on skin or inside the body.", "student": "When lots of tiny wart-like bumps grow, sometimes in places like the throat, usually caused by a virus.", "term": "papillomatosis" }, "papillomavirus": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A common virus that causes warts and, some types, certain cancers.", "student": "A germ that can cause harmless warts, but a few kinds can lead to cancer later, which is why there's a vaccine.", "term": "papillomavirus" }, "papules": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "Small, solid, raised bumps on the skin.", "student": "Tiny firm bumps you can feel on the skin, smaller than a pea and with no liquid inside.", "term": "papules" }, "paraganglioma": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "A rare tumour that grows in nerve-linked cells near blood vessels, often releasing hormones.", "student": "A rare growth that forms near nerves and blood vessels and can pump out chemicals that raise blood pressure.", "term": "paraganglioma" }, "paralysis": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "The loss of the ability to move part of the body.", "student": "When a body part stops obeying you and cannot move, because the nerve messages telling the muscles to work no longer arrive.", "term": "paralysis" }, "paraplegia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Loss of movement and feeling in the legs and lower body.", "student": "The legs and lower body can't move or feel, usually after the spinal cord has been damaged.", "term": "paraplegia" }, "parasite": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A living thing that lives on or inside another creature and takes food from it, causing harm.", "student": "A freeloader organism that lives in or on a body and steals its food, giving nothing back.", "term": "parasite" }, "parasites": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "Tiny living things that live on or inside another creature and feed off it, often causing harm.", "student": "Think of an unwanted guest who moves into your body and steals your food to survive. These little freeloaders can make you sick.", "term": "parasites" }, "parasitic": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "Caused by a parasite, a living thing that lives on or inside another and feeds off it.", "student": "Caused by a freeloader creature that moves into a body and takes its food, sometimes making the host ill.", "term": "parasitic" }, "parathyroid": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Four tiny glands in the neck that control the body's calcium level.", "student": "Four pea-sized glands near your throat that keep the right amount of calcium in your blood and bones.", "term": "parathyroid" }, "parenchyma": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The main working tissue of an organ that does its real job, rather than its supporting framework.", "student": "The busy part of an organ that does the actual work, like the parts of the liver that clean the blood.", "term": "parenchyma" }, "parkinsonism": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A set of symptoms like shaking, stiffness, and slow movement, similar to Parkinson's disease.", "student": "A group of movement problems, such as trembling hands and stiff, slow motion, that look like Parkinson's disease.", "term": "parkinsonism" }, "parotitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling of the large spit-making gland in the cheek, near the ear.", "student": "The big gland in your cheek that makes spit gets swollen and sore; this causes the puffy cheeks seen in mumps.", "term": "parotitis" }, "paroxysmal": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "Happening in sudden, short bursts that come and go without warning.", "student": "When a symptom hits suddenly like a surprise attack, then fades, then can strike again later.", "term": "paroxysmal" }, "pathogenesis": { "category": "other", "plain": "The step-by-step way a disease begins and develops in the body.", "student": "The story of how an illness starts and grows, from the first cause all the way to the symptoms.", "term": "pathogenesis" }, "pathogenic": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Capable of causing disease; a pathogenic gene change is one likely to make someone ill.", "student": "'Harm-causing.' A pathogenic DNA change is one that can actually make you sick.", "term": "pathogenic" }, "pathological": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Caused by disease, or being abnormal and unhealthy rather than normal.", "student": "When something in the body is caused by illness, or is not normal and healthy, doctors describe it this way.", "term": "pathological" }, "pathology": { "category": "other", "plain": "The study of diseases: what causes them and how they change the body.", "student": "The science of what goes wrong in the body when you get sick, and why it happens.", "term": "pathology" }, "pediatrician": { "category": "other", "plain": "A doctor who specialises in caring for babies, children, and teenagers.", "student": "A children's doctor, trained specially to look after kids from newborns up to teenagers.", "term": "pediatrician" }, "pelvic": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the lower part of the body between the hips, where the bladder and reproductive organs sit.", "student": "It means the hip-basin area low in your belly. Think of a bowl of bone holding organs like the bladder inside.", "term": "pelvic" }, "pelvis": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The ring of bones at the base of the spine that supports your belly and connects to your legs.", "student": "The pelvis is the bowl-shaped set of hip bones you sit on. It holds up your lower body and links your backbone to your legs.", "term": "pelvis" }, "penicillin": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "One of the first antibiotic medicines, used to kill certain bacteria and treat infections.", "student": "A famous medicine, first made from mould, that kills bacteria. It was one of the earliest antibiotics ever discovered.", "term": "penicillin" }, "percutaneous": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "Done through the skin, usually with a needle or thin tube instead of open surgery.", "student": "A gentler way to treat inside the body: doctors work through a tiny hole in the skin instead of a big cut.", "term": "percutaneous" }, "perforation": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A hole or tear made through the wall of a body part, such as the gut or the eardrum.", "student": "It is a hole that forms where there should not be one, like a puncture through the wall of an organ.", "term": "perforation" }, "pericarditis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Painful swelling of the thin protective sac that surrounds the heart.", "student": "The heart sits inside a thin bag. When that bag gets sore and swollen, each heartbeat can hurt.", "term": "pericarditis" }, "pericoronitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Inflammation of the gum flap covering a partly erupted tooth, often a wisdom tooth.", "student": "When the gum over a tooth still pushing through, often a wisdom tooth, gets swollen, sore, and infected.", "term": "pericoronitis" }, "periodontal": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the gums and tissues that hold the teeth in place.", "student": "To do with the gums and support around your teeth, the parts that keep teeth firmly rooted.", "term": "periodontal" }, "periodontitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Serious gum disease that damages the gum and bone holding teeth in place.", "student": "Advanced gum disease where infection eats away the gum and bone anchoring your teeth, so they can loosen.", "term": "periodontitis" }, "peripheral": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Located in the outer parts of the body, away from the centre like the brain or heart.", "student": "Think of the edges and outskirts of the body, like your hands, feet, and skin, far from the busy centre. That is the peripheral zone.", "term": "peripheral" }, "peritoneal": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the thin lining that covers the inside of the belly and its organs.", "student": "About the smooth inner wrap inside your tummy that lines the space and covers your organs.", "term": "peritoneal" }, "peritonitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Serious swelling and infection of the thin lining inside the belly.", "student": "A thin sheet lines the inside of your belly. If it gets infected it is very serious and very painful.", "term": "peritonitis" }, "pernicious": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Causing harm slowly and quietly, so damage builds before it is noticed.", "student": "A sneaky kind of harmful, doing damage bit by bit without obvious warning signs at first.", "term": "pernicious" }, "peyronie's": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A condition where scar tissue inside the penis causes it to bend, often painfully.", "student": "When hard scar tissue builds inside the penis and makes it curve, which can be painful.", "term": "peyronie's" }, "phakomatosis": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "A group of inherited disorders affecting the skin, nerves, and often the eyes.", "student": "A family of conditions you're born with that together affect the skin, nervous system, and eyes.", "term": "phakomatosis" }, "pharyngitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling and soreness of the throat, usually from an infection.", "student": "The throat gets inflamed and sore, the classic sore throat, often from a virus or bacteria.", "term": "pharyngitis" }, "phenotype": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "The visible traits or health outcomes that come from your genes plus your environment.", "student": "The actual result you can see or measure, like height or a disease, from genes and life combined.", "term": "phenotype" }, "phenotyped": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "Having one's actual traits or health outcomes carefully measured and recorded.", "student": "Having your real traits, like blood sugar or height, measured and written down for a study.", "term": "phenotyped" }, "pheochromocytoma": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "A rare tumour of a gland above the kidney that makes too much fight-or-flight hormone.", "student": "A growth on a gland near the kidney floods the body with adrenaline, spiking blood pressure and heart rate.", "term": "pheochromocytoma" }, "phimosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When the skin over the tip of the penis is too tight to pull back.", "student": "The loose skin covering the penis tip is too tight to slide back, which can be normal in young boys.", "term": "phimosis" }, "phlebitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling and soreness of a vein, a tube that carries blood back to the heart.", "student": "A blood tube returning blood to the heart gets inflamed, turning red, warm, and tender along the skin.", "term": "phlebitis" }, "phosphate": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "A mineral built from phosphorus that the body needs for strong bones, teeth and energy.", "student": "A mineral your body uses to build bones and teeth and to store energy; doctors can measure how much is in your blood.", "term": "phosphate" }, "photophobia": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "When bright light hurts the eyes and makes a person want to look away or close them.", "student": "It is when normal light feels painfully bright: you squint, shield your eyes, and just want the room darker.", "term": "photophobia" }, "physiological": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Relating to the normal way the body and its parts work.", "student": "About how a healthy body normally works, like digesting food or keeping a steady temperature.", "term": "physiological" }, "pigmentation": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "The natural colouring of skin, hair, or eyes from coloured substances in the body.", "student": "The colour of your skin, hair, and eyes, set by a natural dye your body makes called melanin.", "term": "pigmentation" }, "pituitary": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "A tiny gland at the base of the brain that controls many other hormone glands.", "student": "A pea-sized gland under the brain that acts like a boss, telling other glands when to release hormones.", "term": "pituitary" }, "pityriasis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A skin condition that causes flaky, scaly patches.", "student": "A rash that leaves dry, flaky patches on the skin, usually harmless and clearing on its own.", "term": "pityriasis" }, "plaques": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Abnormal patches of buildup, such as fat in arteries or clumps in the brain.", "student": "Sticky patches that pile up where they shouldn't, like gunk clogging a pipe or spots forming in the brain.", "term": "plaques" }, "plasma": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "The pale yellow liquid part of blood that carries blood cells and nutrients.", "student": "Strip away the red cells and you get this, the watery river that floats everything your blood needs to move around.", "term": "plasma" }, "plasmapheresis": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A treatment that filters harmful substances out of the liquid part of the blood.", "student": "A machine cleans your blood by taking out the watery part, removing bad stuff, then returning it.", "term": "plasmapheresis" }, "platelet": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Tiny cell pieces in blood that stick together to plug wounds and stop bleeding.", "student": "Super-small bits in your blood that rush to a cut and clump together like glue to stop the bleeding.", "term": "platelet" }, "platelets": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Tiny pieces in the blood that stick together to stop bleeding when you get a cut.", "student": "Think of them as little repair workers in your blood that rush to a cut and plug the hole so bleeding stops.", "term": "platelets" }, "pleural": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the thin lining around the lungs and inside the chest.", "student": "About the smooth double-layer wrapping around your lungs that lets them slide as you breathe.", "term": "pleural" }, "pneumatosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Abnormal pockets of gas trapped inside the wall of an organ, often the intestine.", "student": "When little bubbles of gas get stuck inside the wall of an organ, like air pockets where they should not be.", "term": "pneumatosis" }, "pneumoconiosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Lung damage caused by breathing in harmful dust over many years.", "student": "Breathing dust like coal or stone dust for years scars the lungs and makes breathing hard.", "term": "pneumoconiosis" }, "pneumonia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "An illness where the lungs become infected and fill with fluid, making it hard to breathe.", "student": "Germs get into your lungs and fill them with gunk, so breathing gets tough. It is like trying to breathe through a wet sponge, and it can make you very sick.", "term": "pneumonia" }, "pneumonitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling and irritation of the lung tissue, not always caused by infection.", "student": "The lungs get inflamed, sometimes from breathing in something irritating rather than from germs.", "term": "pneumonitis" }, "pneumothorax": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Air trapped between a lung and the chest wall, making the lung collapse.", "student": "When air leaks into the space around a lung, the lung cannot puff up, so breathing becomes very hard.", "term": "pneumothorax" }, "polyangiitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A disease where many small blood vessels become inflamed.", "student": "The immune system inflames lots of small blood vessels, which can hurt many organs at once.", "term": "polyangiitis" }, "polycystic": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Having many small fluid-filled sacs, usually inside an organ like the kidney or ovary.", "student": "When an organ has lots of tiny fluid-filled bags growing in it, like a bunch of little balloons.", "term": "polycystic" }, "polycythemia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Having too many red blood cells, which makes the blood thick.", "student": "The blood carries far too many red cells, so it flows thick and slow.", "term": "polycythemia" }, "polyendocrine": { "category": "other", "plain": "Involving several of the body's hormone-making glands at the same time.", "student": "To do with many of the glands that make hormones being affected together, rather than just one.", "term": "polyendocrine" }, "polygenic": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "Caused by many genes acting together, each adding a little, rather than one single gene.", "student": "Not one 'disease gene' but hundreds of tiny genetic nudges adding up — like a score made of many small points.", "term": "polygenic" }, "polygenic risk score": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "A single number that adds up many small genetic effects to estimate someone's chance of a disease.", "student": "A genetic 'credit score' for a disease: it tallies hundreds of tiny DNA clues into one risk number.", "term": "polygenic risk score" }, "polymyositis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A condition where muscles become inflamed and weak, especially near the hips and shoulders.", "student": "When your own body attacks your muscles, making them sore and weak so lifting or climbing stairs gets hard.", "term": "polymyositis" }, "polyneuropathy": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Damage to many nerves at once, causing numbness, tingling, or weakness.", "student": "When lots of the body's nerve wires get damaged together, so hands and feet feel numb, tingly, or weak.", "term": "polyneuropathy" }, "polypectomy": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "The removal of a polyp, a small lump growing from the lining of an organ.", "student": "Taking out a polyp, a small fleshy bump growing on the inner lining of somewhere like the gut.", "term": "polypectomy" }, "polyposis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A condition where many small growths form on the inner lining of the gut.", "student": "Lots of little lumps grow along the inside of the intestines, like many small bumps dotting a wall.", "term": "polyposis" }, "polyps": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Small growths that stick out from the lining of an organ, such as the nose or gut.", "student": "Little lumps that grow out of a body surface, like tiny mushrooms on the inside lining. Most are harmless.", "term": "polyps" }, "portal": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the large vein that carries blood from the gut to the liver.", "student": "Describes the big vein that carries blood full of digested food from your intestines to your liver.", "term": "portal" }, "posterior": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "A direction word meaning the back or rear side of the body or of a body part.", "student": "Doctors say 'posterior' when they mean the back side of something, like the back of your knee or the rear of your eye.", "term": "posterior" }, "postpartum": { "category": "other", "plain": "The period of time right after a woman gives birth to a baby.", "student": "The weeks just after a mother has her baby, when her body is recovering from the birth.", "term": "postpartum" }, "potassium": { "category": "other", "plain": "A mineral the body needs to help muscles move and the heart beat properly.", "student": "A salt your body needs, found in foods like bananas. It helps your muscles and heart work in the right beat.", "term": "potassium" }, "pre-eclampsia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A pregnancy condition with dangerously high blood pressure that can harm mother and baby.", "student": "A pregnancy problem where blood pressure climbs too high, which can be risky for both mother and baby.", "term": "pre-eclampsia" }, "predisposes": { "category": "other", "plain": "Makes someone more likely to develop a particular disease or condition.", "student": "Tips the odds so a person is more likely to get a certain illness, though it does not guarantee it.", "term": "predisposes" }, "predisposition": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "A built-in tendency, often passed down in families, that makes a person more likely to develop a certain illness.", "student": "It's like being dealt a hand of cards that makes some illnesses more likely for you. It doesn't guarantee anything, it just tips the odds.", "term": "predisposition" }, "prednisone": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "A steroid medicine that reduces swelling and calms an overactive immune system.", "student": "A medicine that lowers swelling and settles the body's defence system when it is causing trouble, like during bad inflammation.", "term": "prednisone" }, "premalignant": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "Describing cells that are not cancer yet but could turn into cancer over time.", "student": "Cells that are behaving oddly and might become cancer later if left alone. Catching them early can prevent trouble.", "term": "premalignant" }, "prematurity": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "The state of being born too early, before the normal length of pregnancy is complete.", "student": "Being born weeks before the due date, when a baby is still small and needs extra care to grow.", "term": "prematurity" }, "prenatal": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Happening during the time before a baby is born, while it is still growing inside the mother.", "student": "This means before birth, the whole stretch of time a baby is developing inside its mother, before it ever enters the world.", "term": "prenatal" }, "prevalence": { "category": "measurement", "plain": "How many people have a certain disease at a given time.", "student": "This tells you how widespread an illness is, meaning how many people are living with it right now. A big number means lots of people have it.", "term": "prevalence" }, "primaquine": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "A medicine used to treat and prevent malaria, especially its hidden liver stage.", "student": "A drug that clears the malaria parasite, including the sneaky part that hides in the liver.", "term": "primaquine" }, "probiotics": { "category": "other", "plain": "Helpful live bacteria that support a healthy gut when eaten.", "student": "Good germs you can eat, like in curd, that team up with your gut to keep digestion healthy.", "term": "probiotics" }, "proctitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Soreness and swelling of the rectum, the last part of the bowel.", "student": "The very end of the gut, just inside the bottom, gets inflamed and sore.", "term": "proctitis" }, "prognosis": { "category": "other", "plain": "A doctor's best guess about how an illness will unfold and how likely a person is to get better.", "student": "A prognosis is like a weather forecast for an illness: the doctor predicts what is likely to happen next and the chances of recovering.", "term": "prognosis" }, "prolapse": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When an organ slips down or out of its normal place in the body.", "student": "When a body part inside you droops out of its proper spot, a slipping that shouldn't happen.", "term": "prolapse" }, "proliferate": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "To multiply or increase quickly in number, especially cells.", "student": "To spread and grow fast in number, like cells copying themselves again and again.", "term": "proliferate" }, "proliferation": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "A fast increase in the number of something, especially body cells multiplying quickly.", "student": "When cells copy themselves over and over very fast, so their number grows quickly, like weeds spreading across a garden.", "term": "proliferation" }, "prophylaxis": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "Action or medicine taken to prevent a disease before it has a chance to start.", "student": "Doing something ahead of time to stop an illness, like taking medicine so you don't catch a disease.", "term": "prophylaxis" }, "prostate": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "A small gland in men that sits below the bladder and helps make fluid for sperm.", "student": "A walnut-sized gland found only in men, near the bladder. It helps make part of the fluid that carries sperm.", "term": "prostate" }, "protein": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "A building-block substance the body makes to build and run its cells.", "student": "Tiny machines and bricks your body builds itself from; genes are the recipes for making them.", "term": "protein" }, "proteinuria": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Having too much protein in the urine, which can be a sign that the kidneys are not working well.", "student": "Your kidneys usually keep protein in your blood where it belongs. When it leaks into your pee, that's this, a hint the kidneys need help.", "term": "proteinuria" }, "protrusion": { "category": "other", "plain": "A part that sticks out beyond the normal surface.", "student": "A bit that bulges or pokes out further than it should, like a bump on a smooth surface.", "term": "protrusion" }, "proximal": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The part of a limb or organ that is closest to where it joins the body.", "student": "It means the near end, the part closest to your body's center. Your shoulder is the proximal end of your arm; your hand is the far end.", "term": "proximal" }, "psoriasis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A long-lasting skin condition that makes red, scaly, itchy patches.", "student": "Skin cells build up too fast and form dry, flaky red patches that can itch, like too many layers stacking up.", "term": "psoriasis" }, "psychiatric": { "category": "other", "plain": "Relating to the medical care of the mind, mood, thoughts, and mental health.", "student": "It's about the part of medicine that helps with feelings, thoughts, and the mind, just like other doctors help with the body.", "term": "psychiatric" }, "psychosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A mental state where a person loses touch with reality, believing or sensing things that are not real.", "student": "The mind can lose track of what's real, so a person may hear voices or believe things that aren't true.", "term": "psychosis" }, "psychotherapy": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "Treatment for mental or emotional problems by talking with a trained therapist.", "student": "A way to feel better by regularly talking through your worries with a trained helper, instead of taking medicine.", "term": "psychotherapy" }, "ptosis": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "A drooping of the upper eyelid over the eye.", "student": "The upper eyelid sags down lower than normal, sometimes covering part of the eye.", "term": "ptosis" }, "publishable": { "category": "other", "plain": "Good enough in quality and rigour to appear in a scientific journal.", "student": "Solid enough that other scientists would accept and print it as real research.", "term": "publishable" }, "pulmonary": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Having to do with the lungs, the organs you use to breathe.", "student": "A doctor's word for anything about your lungs; like saying lung-related.", "term": "pulmonary" }, "pyelonephritis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "An infection of the kidney, the organ that filters waste from the blood.", "student": "Germs travel up and infect a kidney, causing fever and pain in the back.", "term": "pyelonephritis" }, "pyogenic": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Causing or making pus, the thick fluid produced by an infection.", "student": "Describes something that creates pus, the yellowish gunk your body makes while fighting germs in a wound.", "term": "pyogenic" }, "radiation": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "Strong invisible energy beams, sometimes aimed at the body to destroy harmful cells.", "student": "Think of it as an invisible beam of energy; doctors can aim it carefully to kill cancer cells.", "term": "radiation" }, "radiograph": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A picture of the inside of the body made using X-rays.", "student": "An X-ray photo that lets doctors see your bones and insides without cutting you open.", "term": "radiograph" }, "radiotherapy": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A cancer treatment that uses strong, invisible beams of radiation to kill harmful cells.", "student": "A way to treat cancer by aiming powerful invisible rays at the bad cells to destroy them, a bit like a precise, targeted zap.", "term": "radiotherapy" }, "re-classified": { "category": "other", "plain": "Moved into a different medical group after new information changed how it is understood.", "student": "When doctors learn something new and decide a disease actually belongs in a different category.", "term": "re-classified" }, "recalibrate": { "category": "measurement", "plain": "Re-tune a test's thresholds so its numbers are correct for a new group.", "student": "Re-set a test for a different crowd so its readings come out right.", "term": "recalibrate" }, "recessive": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "A gene version that only shows its effect when a person gets two copies, one from each parent.", "student": "It's a hidden instruction that only shows up if you inherit it from both parents, staying quiet if you get just one copy.", "term": "recessive" }, "reclassification": { "category": "measurement", "plain": "Moving someone or something into a different, more accurate category after new information.", "student": "Changing which box something belongs in once you learn more, like re-marking an answer once you spot the real rule.", "term": "reclassification" }, "reclassified": { "category": "measurement", "plain": "Moved into a different, more accurate category after new information.", "student": "Put in the correct box after new evidence shows the old label was wrong.", "term": "reclassified" }, "rectocele": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When the lower bowel bulges into the back wall of the vagina.", "student": "The end part of the gut sags and pushes into the vagina because the support between them has weakened.", "term": "rectocele" }, "rectum": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The last part of the large intestine, where stool is held before leaving the body.", "student": "The final stretch of your gut that stores poop until you go to the toilet.", "term": "rectum" }, "recurrence": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When a disease comes back after it seemed to have gone away.", "student": "When an illness returns after you thought it was beaten, like an uninvited guest coming again.", "term": "recurrence" }, "reflux": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When stomach contents flow backward up into the food pipe, causing burning.", "student": "When acid from your stomach splashes back up your throat, giving that burning feeling after eating.", "term": "reflux" }, "refractive": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Relating to how the eye bends light to focus a clear image.", "student": "About how your eye bends light to make a sharp picture; when it bends light wrongly, your sight goes blurry.", "term": "refractive" }, "regurgitation": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "The backward flow of blood or food in the wrong direction.", "student": "When something flows backward the wrong way, like blood leaking back through a heart valve that won't shut fully.", "term": "regurgitation" }, "remodeling": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "The body's ongoing process of breaking down old tissue and building new, as in bone.", "student": "The body constantly tears down old bone and lays fresh bone, like slowly renovating a house room by room.", "term": "remodeling" }, "renal": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "A word that means \"to do with the kidneys,\" the organs that clean your blood and make urine.", "student": "Whenever you see this word, think kidneys: the two bean-shaped filters that clean your blood and make pee.", "term": "renal" }, "respiratory": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Having to do with breathing and the body parts that help you breathe.", "student": "A word for everything to do with breathing, like your nose, windpipe, and lungs working together.", "term": "respiratory" }, "restrictive": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Describes a condition that limits how much an organ can stretch or expand.", "student": "When an organ, like the lungs, can't stretch open properly, so it can't fill up all the way.", "term": "restrictive" }, "retention": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "The body holding onto something, like fluid or urine, instead of releasing it.", "student": "When the body keeps something in that it should let out, like water building up or being unable to pee.", "term": "retention" }, "retina": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The thin layer at the back of the eye that senses light and helps you see.", "student": "The screen at the back of your eye that catches light and turns it into pictures your brain can read, like film in a camera.", "term": "retina" }, "retinal": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Having to do with the thin light-sensing layer at the back of the eye that lets you see.", "student": "The back of your eye has a screen that catches light, like film in a camera. 'Retinal' means anything to do with that screen.", "term": "retinal" }, "retinitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Damage or swelling of the retina, the light-sensing layer at the back of the eye.", "student": "The screen at the back of your eye that catches light gets damaged or inflamed, which harms your sight.", "term": "retinitis" }, "retinopathy": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Damage to the light-sensing layer at the back of the eye.", "student": "The back of your eye has a screen that catches pictures. This is when that screen gets damaged, often from diabetes.", "term": "retinopathy" }, "retrograde": { "category": "other", "plain": "Moving backward, in the opposite direction to the normal flow.", "student": "Going the wrong way, backward, like a fluid or signal flowing against its usual direction.", "term": "retrograde" }, "reuptake": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "When a nerve cell reabsorbs a chemical messenger after it has sent its signal.", "student": "After a brain signal is passed, the sender cell sucks the chemical back to recycle it, like reeling in a fishing line.", "term": "reuptake" }, "rhabdomyolysis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A serious condition where muscle breaks down fast and leaks harmful substances into the blood.", "student": "When muscle gets crushed or overworked to breaking, its insides spill into your blood: dangerous, and hard on the kidneys.", "term": "rhabdomyolysis" }, "rheumatic": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Relating to painful swelling of joints, heart or other parts, often after the body's defence system misfires.", "student": "Describes illnesses where the body's own defence system attacks parts like the joints or heart, causing pain and swelling.", "term": "rheumatic" }, "rheumatoid": { "category": "immunology", "plain": "Relating to a disease where the body's own defence system attacks its joints, causing pain and swelling.", "student": "This describes an illness where your body mistakenly fights its own joints, making them sore and puffy, like guards attacking their own home.", "term": "rheumatoid" }, "rhinitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling inside the nose causing sneezing and a runny or blocked nose.", "student": "The inside of your nose gets irritated and swollen, so you sneeze and get a runny or stuffy nose.", "term": "rhinitis" }, "rhinorrhea": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "A runny nose, where fluid keeps dripping from the nostrils.", "student": "Just the medical word for a runny nose, when clear fluid keeps dripping out.", "term": "rhinorrhea" }, "roundworms": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "Long, tube-shaped worms that can live as parasites inside the gut.", "student": "Wiggly worms shaped like spaghetti that can live in a person's belly and steal food from them.", "term": "roundworms" }, "sacroiliac": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The joint where the base of the spine meets the large bones of the pelvis.", "student": "The joint low in your back where your spine connects to your hip bones.", "term": "sacroiliac" }, "salivary": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the glands in the mouth that make spit to keep it moist and start breaking down food.", "student": "Little glands in your mouth make the watery spit that keeps it wet and begins working on your food. This word means anything to do with them.", "term": "salivary" }, "salmonella": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A type of bacteria that causes food poisoning with fever, cramps, and diarrhoea.", "student": "A germ often found in undercooked food that upsets the gut, causing fever and loose motions.", "term": "salmonella" }, "sarcoidosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A disease where tiny lumps of immune cells form in organs, most often the lungs.", "student": "The immune system builds little clumps of cells in organs like the lungs, for reasons doctors don't fully know.", "term": "sarcoidosis" }, "sarcoma": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "A cancer that grows in bone, muscle, fat, or other connective tissue.", "student": "A less common cancer that starts in the body's support tissues like bone or muscle, rather than in an organ's lining.", "term": "sarcoma" }, "sarcomas": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "Cancers that begin in the body's connective tissues like bone, muscle, fat, or cartilage.", "student": "Cancers that start in the parts that hold the body together, like bone or muscle, rather than inside an organ.", "term": "sarcomas" }, "schistosomiasis": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A disease caused by tiny parasitic worms picked up from infected fresh water.", "student": "Small worms living in fresh water can enter through the skin and cause a long-lasting infection.", "term": "schistosomiasis" }, "schizophrenia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A serious mental illness that can cause confused thinking, false beliefs, and hearing things.", "student": "A brain illness where thoughts get jumbled and a person may believe or hear things that aren't real.", "term": "schizophrenia" }, "schwannoma": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "A usually harmless tumour that grows from the protective coating around a nerve.", "student": "A mostly harmless lump that grows on the insulating wrap around a nerve, sometimes affecting hearing or balance.", "term": "schwannoma" }, "scleritis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Painful swelling of the white outer part of the eye.", "student": "The tough white part of the eye becomes deeply red and very sore.", "term": "scleritis" }, "scleroderma": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A disease that makes the skin and sometimes inner organs hard and tight.", "student": "A condition where the body over-hardens its own skin and tissues, making them stiff and tight.", "term": "scleroderma" }, "sclerosing": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Causing tissue to become hard and scarred.", "student": "When soft body tissue slowly turns stiff and scar-like, losing its normal give.", "term": "sclerosing" }, "sclerosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Unusual hardening or scarring of body tissue, which stops it from working normally.", "student": "When soft, healthy tissue turns stiff and scarred, like a soft sponge slowly hardening so it no longer works right.", "term": "sclerosis" }, "scoliosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A condition where the backbone curves sideways into a C or S shape instead of staying straight.", "student": "Your spine should run straight down your back; with this it bends sideways like a gentle S, sometimes needing a brace to fix.", "term": "scoliosis" }, "screening": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "Testing people who feel healthy to catch a disease early before it causes problems.", "student": "Checking people who feel fine, to spot a hidden illness early, like a routine safety check before anything goes wrong.", "term": "screening" }, "scrotum": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The pouch of skin that holds the testicles in males.", "student": "The soft skin bag below the body in males that holds and protects the two testicles.", "term": "scrotum" }, "secretions": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Fluids released by glands or cells to do a job in the body.", "student": "Fluids like saliva or sweat that special body parts release to help you digest food, cool down, or stay moist.", "term": "secretions" }, "seizures": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "Sudden bursts of unusual electrical activity in the brain that can cause shaking or blackouts.", "student": "Like an electrical storm in the brain; for a short while it fires wrongly and the body may shake or freeze.", "term": "seizures" }, "self-harm": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When a person deliberately hurts their own body, often to cope with deep emotional pain.", "student": "When someone in great emotional pain hurts themselves on purpose. It is a sign they need care and support, not blame.", "term": "self-harm" }, "self-limited": { "category": "other", "plain": "Describes an illness that gets better on its own after a while, without needing special treatment.", "student": "Some sicknesses just fade away by themselves after a few days, like a common cold. This word describes that kind.", "term": "self-limited" }, "self-limiting": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Describing an illness that gets better on its own without treatment.", "student": "An illness that clears up by itself after a while, so you often just rest and wait until it passes.", "term": "self-limiting" }, "sensorineural": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A type of hearing loss caused by damage to the inner ear or hearing nerve.", "student": "Hearing trouble that comes from the delicate inner-ear parts or nerve being damaged, not just blocked.", "term": "sensorineural" }, "sensory": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Having to do with the senses, like seeing, hearing, touching, tasting, or smelling, and the signals they send to the brain.", "student": "This word is about your senses. Sensory nerves carry messages like 'that's hot!' or 'that's soft' from your skin up to your brain.", "term": "sensory" }, "sepsis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A dangerous, body-wide reaction to an infection that can harm organs and needs urgent care.", "student": "When the body fights an infection so hard that the fight itself starts hurting your organs. It's an emergency doctors treat fast.", "term": "sepsis" }, "septum": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "A wall of tissue that divides two spaces inside the body, like between the nostrils.", "student": "A divider inside your body, like the wall splitting your two nostrils or the two sides of the heart.", "term": "septum" }, "serotonin": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "A brain chemical that helps control mood, sleep, and appetite.", "student": "A messenger in your brain that affects how happy, sleepy, or hungry you feel.", "term": "serotonin" }, "serum": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "The clear, pale-yellow liquid left in blood once the cells and clotting parts are removed.", "student": "Take blood, remove the red cells and sticky clotting bits, and the watery yellowish liquid left behind is what doctors often test.", "term": "serum" }, "shock": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A dangerous emergency where blood flow falls too low, so the body's organs stop getting enough oxygen to work.", "student": "Not surprise, but a medical emergency where blood isn't reaching the organs well, like a garden not getting enough water.", "term": "shock" }, "silicosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A lung disease from breathing fine dust of sand or stone for a long time.", "student": "Breathing tiny bits of stone or sand dust for years scars the lungs, making it hard to breathe.", "term": "silicosis" }, "sinoatrial": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the heart's natural pacemaker that sets the heartbeat rhythm.", "student": "The heart's tiny built-in metronome that fires the signal telling it when to beat.", "term": "sinoatrial" }, "sinus": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "A hollow, air-filled space, usually one of those inside the bones around the nose.", "student": "An empty pocket inside the skull bones near your nose; when it fills up, you feel blocked and stuffy.", "term": "sinus" }, "sinuses": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Hollow air spaces inside the bones around your nose and forehead.", "student": "Empty little caves inside your face bones near the nose that can fill with mucus when you're sick.", "term": "sinuses" }, "sinusitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling and infection of the air spaces behind the nose and cheeks, causing a blocked, painful face.", "student": "The hollow spaces around your nose get inflamed and clogged, so your face feels heavy and stuffy, like a bad cold that lingers.", "term": "sinusitis" }, "skeletal": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the bones that form the framework of the body.", "student": "This word is about your bones, the sturdy frame that holds you up and gives your body its shape, like the poles holding up a tent.", "term": "skeletal" }, "soft-tissue": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The body's softer parts, such as muscle, fat, and tendons, as opposed to bone.", "student": "Everything squishy that holds you together, muscles, fat, and stretchy bands, but not the hard bones.", "term": "soft-tissue" }, "spasm": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "A sudden, uncontrolled tightening of a muscle.", "student": "When a muscle squeezes on its own without warning, like a cramp that grips out of nowhere.", "term": "spasm" }, "spasms": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "Sudden, uncontrolled tightening of a muscle.", "student": "When a muscle squeezes on its own without warning, like a cramp you can't stop.", "term": "spasms" }, "spasticity": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "Muscle stiffness and tightness that makes movement difficult.", "student": "When muscles stay too tight and hard to move, so limbs feel stiff and jerky.", "term": "spasticity" }, "spectrum": { "category": "other", "plain": "A range that stretches from mild to strong, so people can be affected in very different amounts.", "student": "Think of it as a sliding scale, not an on-off switch. People land at different points, some barely affected, others a lot.", "term": "spectrum" }, "sphincter": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "A ring of muscle that tightens to close, and relaxes to open, a body passage.", "student": "A muscle ring that acts like a drawstring, squeezing shut or opening to control what passes through.", "term": "sphincter" }, "spleen": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "An organ on the left side of your belly that filters blood and helps your body fight germs.", "student": "Think of it as a cleanup station tucked behind your stomach, scrubbing your blood and storing cells that fight sickness.", "term": "spleen" }, "splenectomy": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "An operation to remove the spleen, an organ that filters blood and helps fight infection.", "student": "Surgery to take out the spleen, a fist-sized organ that cleans the blood and helps fight germs.", "term": "splenectomy" }, "spondylitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Inflammation of the joints in the spine, causing back stiffness and pain.", "student": "When the small joints stacked up your backbone get inflamed, leaving the spine stiff and achy, especially in the morning.", "term": "spondylitis" }, "spondyloarthritis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A group of conditions causing inflammation of the spine and other joints.", "student": "A family of conditions where the immune system inflames the spine and joints, causing lasting stiffness and pain.", "term": "spondyloarthritis" }, "sporadic": { "category": "other", "plain": "Happening once in a while at random, not in a steady or predictable pattern.", "student": "Showing up now and then by chance, with no clear timing, rather than regularly.", "term": "sporadic" }, "sputum": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "The thick mucus coughed up from the lungs and airways.", "student": "The gooey stuff you cough up when your chest is full during a bad cold or infection. Doctors sometimes test it.", "term": "sputum" }, "squamous": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Describing thin, flat cells that form the outer layer of skin and the lining of some body parts.", "student": "Some of your body's building-block cells are flat and thin, like floor tiles laid side by side. This word describes those tile-shaped cells.", "term": "squamous" }, "squamous-cell": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "Relating to flat, scale-like cells that line skin and many body surfaces, where certain cancers start.", "student": "The thin, flat cells covering your skin and some inner surfaces; a common skin cancer begins in them.", "term": "squamous-cell" }, "staphylococcus": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A common type of bacteria that can cause skin and other infections.", "student": "A round germ, often living on skin, that can cause infections like boils if it gets into the body.", "term": "staphylococcus" }, "stasis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When a body fluid like blood stops moving and pools in one place.", "student": "A fluid such as blood stops flowing and sits still, like water in a blocked pipe, which can cause problems.", "term": "stasis" }, "stature": { "category": "measurement", "plain": "A person's natural height or overall body size.", "student": "Stature is simply how tall someone is. Doctors mention 'short stature' when a person is much smaller than most people their age.", "term": "stature" }, "stenosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "An unusual narrowing of a tube or opening inside the body, like a blood vessel.", "student": "Picture a pipe squeezed too tight, so blood, food, or air struggle to pass through the narrow spot.", "term": "stenosis" }, "steroid": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "A type of medicine that calms swelling and quiets an overactive body defence system.", "student": "A strong medicine doctors use to cool down swelling and redness fast, like pouring water on a small fire inside the body.", "term": "steroid" }, "steroids": { "category": "pharmacology", "plain": "Strong medicines that calm swelling and an overactive body defence system.", "student": "Powerful medicines that cool down swelling fast, like a fire extinguisher for an angry, puffed-up body part.", "term": "steroids" }, "stillbirth": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "The birth of a baby that has died in the womb.", "student": "When a baby sadly dies before being born, after growing inside the womb for many months.", "term": "stillbirth" }, "stool": { "category": "other", "plain": "The solid waste the body passes out from the bowels; the medical word for faeces.", "student": "It is simply the doctor's word for poop: the leftover waste your body pushes out after digesting food.", "term": "stool" }, "strabismus": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A condition where the two eyes do not line up and point in different directions.", "student": "When someone's eyes don't aim the same way, so one may drift while the other looks straight.", "term": "strabismus" }, "stratification": { "category": "measurement", "plain": "Sorting people into risk groups, such as high-risk versus low-risk.", "student": "Sorting people into buckets by how much danger they're in, so care can be aimed where it's needed.", "term": "stratification" }, "streptococcal": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "Caused by streptococcus bacteria, which lead to infections like strep throat.", "student": "Coming from a common germ that gives you a sore throat and can cause other infections too.", "term": "streptococcal" }, "streptococcus": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A common type of bacteria that can cause sore throats and other infections.", "student": "A germ shaped like a chain of beads that can cause illnesses like strep throat and some skin infections.", "term": "streptococcus" }, "stroke": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A sudden loss of blood flow to part of the brain, which quickly damages that area.", "student": "It's a brain emergency: blood suddenly can't reach part of the brain, so those cells start to fail. Fast help really matters.", "term": "stroke" }, "stroma": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The supporting tissue that gives an organ its structure and holds it together.", "student": "The scaffolding tissue inside an organ that holds everything in place, like the frame inside a building.", "term": "stroma" }, "subacute": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "In between sudden and long-lasting; a condition that develops over a few weeks.", "student": "Not super fast and not super slow: a problem that builds up over a few weeks in the middle.", "term": "subacute" }, "subcutaneous": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Located just under the skin, in the soft layer above the muscle.", "student": "The squishy layer right below your skin, where some injections go or where fat sits.", "term": "subcutaneous" }, "sublingual": { "category": "other", "plain": "Placed or happening under the tongue.", "student": "Under the tongue, where some medicines are put so they soak straight into the blood quickly.", "term": "sublingual" }, "submucosal": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Located just beneath the moist inner lining of a body passage.", "student": "Sitting right under the soft wet lining inside places like your gut or nose.", "term": "submucosal" }, "supernumerary": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Extra in number, beyond the usual amount that should be there.", "student": "One more than normal, like an extra finger or tooth the body grew by mistake.", "term": "supernumerary" }, "supranuclear": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to brain areas above the control centres that direct certain nerves.", "student": "About the higher brain parts that sit above and boss the nerve centres controlling movement.", "term": "supranuclear" }, "supraventricular": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Coming from the upper chambers of the heart, often used to describe a fast heartbeat.", "student": "A heartbeat problem starting in the top rooms of the heart, sometimes making it beat too fast.", "term": "supraventricular" }, "surgery": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A treatment where doctors cut into the body to repair, remove, or fix something inside.", "student": "This is when doctors carefully open up the body to fix a problem inside, then close it back up again.", "term": "surgery" }, "susceptibility": { "category": "other", "plain": "How easily a person can be affected by a disease or harmful thing.", "student": "How open or vulnerable you are to getting sick from something, based on your body and genes.", "term": "susceptibility" }, "symptomatic": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Showing clear signs of an illness that a person can feel or a doctor can notice.", "student": "It means the illness is actually showing itself through signs you feel, instead of hiding quietly with no clues at all.", "term": "symptomatic" }, "syndrome": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A set of signs and health problems that keep appearing together and point to one particular condition.", "student": "Think of it as a package deal of body signals that tend to travel together, so doctors can spot the pattern and name it.", "term": "syndrome" }, "syndromes": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Groups of symptoms and signs that regularly appear together and point to one particular condition.", "student": "When several health problems keep showing up together as a set, doctors give the whole bundle one name instead of listing each part.", "term": "syndromes" }, "synovitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling of the thin lining inside a joint, causing pain and stiffness.", "student": "The soft lining inside a joint that helps it move smoothly gets puffy and sore, so the joint aches and stiffens.", "term": "synovitis" }, "synthesis": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "The process of building a substance from smaller parts, often inside cells.", "student": "The body's way of putting small pieces together to make something bigger, like assembling Lego into a model.", "term": "synthesis" }, "systemic": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Affecting the whole body rather than just one small part or single area.", "student": "Instead of bothering just one spot, this spreads its effect everywhere at once. Think of a problem that touches the entire body, from head to toe.", "term": "systemic" }, "tachycardia": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "A heartbeat that is faster than normal, even when you are resting.", "student": "It's when your heart races much quicker than it should, like it's sprinting even though you're just sitting still.", "term": "tachycardia" }, "tachycardia-bradycardia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A heart-rhythm problem where the heartbeat keeps switching between too fast and too slow.", "student": "When the heart can't keep a steady beat and jumps between racing too fast and dragging too slow.", "term": "tachycardia-bradycardia" }, "telangiectasia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Tiny widened blood vessels that appear as small red or purple lines on the skin.", "student": "Very thin blood tubes near the surface that stretch open and show up as little red thread-like marks.", "term": "telangiectasia" }, "tendinitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling and pain in a tendon, the cord that joins a muscle to a bone.", "student": "Overusing a joint can inflame the rope that ties muscle to bone, making it ache.", "term": "tendinitis" }, "tendinopathy": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Pain and damage in a tendon, the tough cord that ties a muscle to a bone.", "student": "Tendons are like ropes joining muscles to bones. Overusing them can leave them sore and worn out.", "term": "tendinopathy" }, "tendon": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "A tough, rope-like band that connects a muscle to a bone.", "student": "A strong cord that ties your muscles to your bones, like a rope pulling a puppet's arm so it can move.", "term": "tendon" }, "tenosynovitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling and pain of the thin covering around a tendon, making movement hurt.", "student": "When the slippery sleeve around a tendon gets swollen, so moving that finger or wrist becomes stiff and painful.", "term": "tenosynovitis" }, "testosterone": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "A hormone, higher in males, that controls male traits like muscle and body hair.", "student": "A body chemical, stronger in boys, that drives things like deeper voices, muscles, and facial hair.", "term": "testosterone" }, "thalassemia": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "An inherited blood disorder where the body cannot make enough healthy red blood cells.", "student": "A condition passed down in families where the blood cannot build enough healthy oxygen-carriers, leaving a person tired and pale.", "term": "thalassemia" }, "thiamine": { "category": "other", "plain": "Vitamin B1, a nutrient the body needs to turn food into energy and keep nerves healthy.", "student": "A vitamin (called B1) from food that helps your body make energy and keeps your nerves working well.", "term": "thiamine" }, "thin-fat": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "A body pattern common in South Asians: looking slim but carrying more hidden fat, especially around the belly.", "student": "Looking thin on the outside but holding extra hidden fat inside, which raises health risks even at a normal weight.", "term": "thin-fat phenotype" }, "thoracentesis": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A procedure that uses a needle to drain fluid from around the lungs.", "student": "When doctors use a thin needle to draw off extra fluid that has built up around the lungs, easing breathing.", "term": "thoracentesis" }, "thoracic": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the chest, the part of the body between the neck and the belly.", "student": "Anything to do with the chest area, where your heart and lungs sit, between your neck and your tummy.", "term": "thoracic" }, "thoracotomy": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "An operation that opens the chest to reach the lungs, heart, or other organs.", "student": "Surgery where the chest is opened with a cut so doctors can reach the lungs, heart, or nearby organs.", "term": "thoracotomy" }, "thrombectomy": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A procedure to remove a blood clot blocking a blood vessel.", "student": "An emergency procedure to pull out a clot that is jamming a blood vessel, restoring flow, often after a stroke.", "term": "thrombectomy" }, "thrombocythemia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Having too many platelets, the tiny cell fragments that help blood clot.", "student": "The blood makes too many of the little pieces that form clots, which can cause unwanted clotting.", "term": "thrombocythemia" }, "thrombocytopenia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When the blood has too few platelets, the tiny pieces that help it clot and stop bleeding.", "student": "Your blood runs low on platelets, the little plugs that stop bleeding, so cuts bleed longer and bruises appear easily.", "term": "thrombocytopenia" }, "thromboembolic": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Caused by a blood clot that forms and then travels to block a blood vessel elsewhere.", "student": "When a blood clot breaks loose, floats along, and plugs a blood vessel somewhere else in the body.", "term": "thromboembolic" }, "thromboembolism": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A blood clot that breaks loose and blocks a blood vessel elsewhere.", "student": "A blood clump that comes free and floats until it jams a blood pipe, cutting off flow.", "term": "thromboembolism" }, "thrombolysis": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "Using medicine to dissolve a dangerous blood clot.", "student": "A clot-busting drug breaks up a blockage, as in a heart attack or stroke, to restore blood flow.", "term": "thrombolysis" }, "thrombophilia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A tendency for the blood to clot too easily, raising the risk of dangerous clots.", "student": "When someone's blood clots more easily than it should, making harmful blockages in veins more likely.", "term": "thrombophilia" }, "thrombophlebitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling of a vein caused by a blood clot forming inside it.", "student": "A blood clot forms in a vein and makes it red, swollen and tender.", "term": "thrombophlebitis" }, "thrombosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A blood clot that forms inside a blood tube and blocks the flow of blood.", "student": "When blood turns solid inside a vessel and jams it, like a plug stopping water in a pipe. It can be dangerous.", "term": "thrombosis" }, "thymoma": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "A tumor of the thymus, a small chest organ that helps the immune system.", "student": "A growth in the thymus, a small chest organ that trains the body's germ-fighting cells when you are young.", "term": "thymoma" }, "thyroid": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "A gland in your neck that makes chemicals controlling how fast your body uses energy.", "student": "A butterfly-shaped gland at the front of your neck, it sets your body's speed, like a thermostat for energy.", "term": "thyroid" }, "thyroiditis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Swelling and irritation of the thyroid, a gland in the neck that controls the body's energy speed.", "student": "The thyroid, a neck gland that sets your body's pace, gets inflamed, which can throw your energy and weight out of balance.", "term": "thyroiditis" }, "thyrotoxicosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Having too much thyroid hormone, which speeds up the body and causes weight loss.", "student": "When the neck gland pumps out too much of its hormone, revving the body up so the heart races and weight drops.", "term": "thyrotoxicosis" }, "tick-borne": { "category": "other", "plain": "Spread to people through the bite of a tick.", "student": "Carried by ticks, tiny bugs that bite and can pass on germs when they attach to skin.", "term": "tick-borne" }, "tinnitus": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "Hearing ringing, buzzing, or other sounds in the ears that aren't coming from outside.", "student": "A ringing or buzzing in your ears that only you can hear, with no real sound around you.", "term": "tinnitus" }, "tissue": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "A group of similar cells in the body that work together to do one job, such as skin.", "student": "It's like a team of tiny building blocks of the same kind grouped together, forming parts of your body such as skin.", "term": "tissue" }, "tissues": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Groups of similar cells that work together to build the parts of the body, like skin or muscle.", "student": "Your body is made of tiny cells, and when lots of the same kind team up, they form these building materials, like the bricks that make up skin, muscle, and organs.", "term": "tissues" }, "tomography": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A scanning method that builds detailed pictures of the inside of the body in thin slices.", "student": "A machine takes many X-ray slices of you and stacks them into a 3D picture, like viewing a loaf one bread-slice at a time.", "term": "tomography" }, "tonsillectomy": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "An operation to remove the tonsils, the soft lumps at the back of the throat.", "student": "Surgery to take out the tonsils, usually because they keep getting infected or make it hard to breathe at night.", "term": "tonsillectomy" }, "tonsillitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Inflammation of the two soft lumps at the back of the throat, causing a sore throat.", "student": "When the two soft guards at the back of your throat swell up and hurt, making it painful to swallow.", "term": "tonsillitis" }, "toxocariasis": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "An infection from roundworm larvae caught from soil dirtied by dog or cat waste.", "student": "A sickness from baby roundworms picked up from soil with dog or cat poo, which can rarely harm the eyes.", "term": "toxocariasis" }, "toxoplasmosis": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "An infection from a tiny parasite, caught from cat waste or undercooked meat.", "student": "A sickness from a tiny germ you can pick up from cat litter or raw meat; often it causes no symptoms at all.", "term": "toxoplasmosis" }, "tracheomalacia": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Weak, floppy walls of the windpipe that can collapse and make breathing noisy.", "student": "When the windpipe is too soft and floppy, so it partly caves in when breathing, making a rattly or wheezy sound.", "term": "tracheomalacia" }, "tracheostomy": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "An operation that makes an opening in the windpipe to help a person breathe.", "student": "Surgeons make a small hole in the front of the neck into the windpipe so air can get in when the normal way is blocked.", "term": "tracheostomy" }, "trachoma": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "An eye infection caused by bacteria that can lead to blindness if untreated.", "student": "Germs infect the eyes again and again, scarring them over time and slowly harming sight if not treated.", "term": "trachoma" }, "trachomatis": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "Part of the name of a bacterium that can infect the eyes and cause blindness.", "student": "This is the second part of a germ's name. That germ can infect the eyes and, over years, harm sight if untreated.", "term": "trachomatis" }, "transferability": { "category": "measurement", "plain": "Whether a tool built on one population still works correctly on a different one.", "student": "Whether something made for one group still works when you hand it to another group.", "term": "transferability" }, "transformation": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A big change in a cell, often when a normal cell turns into a cancer cell.", "student": "When a healthy cell changes into a harmful one, like it flipped into a different kind of cell.", "term": "transformation" }, "transfusion": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "Giving a patient blood from a donor through a tube into their vein.", "student": "When a sick person gets healthy blood from someone else, flowing into their arm through a tube.", "term": "transfusion" }, "transfusions": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "Putting donated blood into a person's body through a vein.", "student": "When a patient is given blood from a healthy donor through a tube into a vein, to replace blood they lost.", "term": "transfusions" }, "transmission": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "The passing of a disease from one person, animal, or thing to another.", "student": "How a sickness spreads from one living thing to the next, like passing along a germ.", "term": "transmission" }, "transplantation": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "An operation that moves a healthy organ or tissue into a person to replace a damaged one.", "student": "It's swapping in a working body part, like a kidney, from one person to another, a bit like replacing a broken part with a good one.", "term": "transplantation" }, "transverse": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Running crosswise or sideways across the body or a part.", "student": "Going across sideways, like a line drawn from left to right rather than up and down.", "term": "transverse" }, "trauma": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A serious injury to the body, or a deeply upsetting event that harms the mind.", "student": "A big shock to body or mind, like a bad crash or a frightening event that leaves a mark.", "term": "trauma" }, "tremor": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "Uncontrolled shaking or trembling of a part of the body, often the hands.", "student": "Shaking you can't stop, like hands that quiver on their own even when you try to hold them still.", "term": "tremor" }, "triage": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "Sorting sick or injured people by how urgently each one needs care.", "student": "In an emergency, deciding who doctors should treat first, based on who is most seriously hurt.", "term": "triage" }, "trichoepithelioma": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "A small, harmless skin tumour that grows from a hair follicle.", "student": "A tiny, harmless skin bump that grows from a hair root, usually appearing on the face.", "term": "trichoepithelioma" }, "trigeminal": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The main nerve that carries feeling from the face to the brain.", "student": "The big face nerve that lets you feel your cheeks, jaw, and forehead and reports it to your brain.", "term": "trigeminal" }, "trophoblastic": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the cells that form the placenta, the organ that feeds a baby during pregnancy.", "student": "To do with the special cells that build the placenta, the pouch that feeds a growing baby before birth.", "term": "trophoblastic" }, "trypanosoma": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A group of tiny parasites, spread by insect bites, that cause diseases like sleeping sickness.", "student": "A kind of tiny wriggling germ, passed by biting insects, that causes illnesses such as sleeping sickness.", "term": "trypanosoma" }, "tuberculosis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A serious infection, usually of the lungs, caused by germs and spread through the air.", "student": "A lung disease caused by tiny germs that spread when a sick person coughs. It's very old and still common in India.", "term": "tuberculosis" }, "tubules": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Very small tube-shaped structures inside the body, such as those in the kidneys.", "student": "Tiny tubes inside organs, like the little pipes in your kidneys that help clean your blood.", "term": "tubules" }, "tumors": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "Lumps that form when body cells grow and multiply when they should not.", "student": "Think of it as a clump of extra cells piling up where they do not belong; some are harmless, some are dangerous.", "term": "tumors" }, "tyrosinemia": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "An inherited condition where the body cannot fully break down a protein building block called tyrosine.", "student": "A condition you're born with where the body can't fully digest one protein building block, so it builds up and harms organs.", "term": "tyrosinemia" }, "ulcer": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "An open sore on skin or an inner surface where the top layer has broken down and not healed.", "student": "A raw, open sore, like a wound that won't close, on the skin or inside the body such as the mouth or stomach.", "term": "ulcer" }, "ulcerative": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Marked by open sores forming on a body surface or lining.", "student": "When raw, sore patches form, like little wounds on the skin or inside the gut.", "term": "ulcerative" }, "ulcers": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Open sores on the skin or on the lining inside the body that are slow to heal.", "student": "These are raw, painful sores, like a break in the surface that stays open instead of quickly healing over.", "term": "ulcers" }, "ultrasonography": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A scan that uses sound waves to make pictures of the inside of the body.", "student": "Harmless sound waves bounce off organs to draw a live picture, the same scan used to see babies before birth.", "term": "ultrasonography" }, "ultrasound": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A safe scan that uses sound waves to make pictures of the inside of the body.", "student": "Doctors bounce sound waves off your insides, like a bat finding its way in the dark, to make a live picture with no cutting. It is how they see babies before birth.", "term": "ultrasound" }, "unilateral": { "category": "other", "plain": "Happening on only one side of the body, not both.", "student": "Affecting just one side, like weakness in only your left arm and not the right one.", "term": "unilateral" }, "urethra": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The small tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body.", "student": "After your body stores pee in a bag called the bladder, the urethra is the little tube that lets it flow out.", "term": "urethra" }, "urethral": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the tube that carries urine out of the body.", "student": "To do with the thin tube that pee travels through on its way out of the body.", "term": "urethral" }, "urethritis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Inflammation of the tube that carries urine out of the body, causing burning.", "student": "When the pipe that carries pee out of your body gets sore and inflamed, so weeing stings.", "term": "urethritis" }, "urinalysis": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A lab test that checks a sample of urine for signs of disease.", "student": "Doctors examine your pee under tests, its colour, chemicals and tiny bits, to spot clues about infections or how organs are doing.", "term": "urinalysis" }, "urinary": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the parts of the body that make, store, and remove urine.", "student": "This is all about the system that handles your pee, from where it is made to where it leaves the body. Think of it as the body's plumbing for waste liquid.", "term": "urinary" }, "uterine": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the womb, the organ in women where a baby grows during pregnancy.", "student": "It's about the womb, the safe, stretchy space inside a woman's body where a baby grows for nine months.", "term": "uterine" }, "uterus": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The organ in a woman's body where a baby grows during pregnancy; also called the womb.", "student": "The muscly pouch inside a woman where a baby develops before being born. Another name for it is the womb.", "term": "uterus" }, "uveitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Painful swelling inside the eye that can cause redness and blurry sight.", "student": "The inside of your eye gets sore and puffy, a bit like a bruise but in the eye, making it red and hard to see clearly.", "term": "uveitis" }, "vagina": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The muscular passage in the female body that connects the womb to the outside.", "student": "Part of the female reproductive system, a stretchy internal canal that links the womb to the outside of the body.", "term": "vagina" }, "vaginal": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the vagina, the passage in a woman's body that connects the womb to the outside.", "student": "Anything to do with the vagina, a part of the female body. Doctors use this word when talking about that area.", "term": "vaginal" }, "vaginitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Soreness, itching, or swelling of the vagina, often from an infection.", "student": "The vagina gets irritated, itchy, or sore, usually because of germs or an imbalance there.", "term": "vaginitis" }, "validated": { "category": "measurement", "plain": "Checked against real-world outcomes to confirm a test actually works.", "student": "Tested against what really happened to prove a tool gets it right, not just in theory.", "term": "validated" }, "valvular": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the valves that keep blood flowing the right way through the heart.", "student": "About the heart's one-way doors that stop blood from flowing backward as it pumps.", "term": "valvular" }, "valvuloplasty": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "A procedure that widens a narrowed heart valve, often using a small balloon.", "student": "A procedure that opens up a stiff, narrowed heart valve, usually by inflating a tiny balloon inside it.", "term": "valvuloplasty" }, "variant": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "A small difference in DNA between people at one spot in the genome.", "student": "A tiny spelling change in the DNA book that makes you a little different from someone else.", "term": "variant" }, "variants": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "Different versions of the same gene, some of which can change how the body works or lead to disease.", "student": "The same instruction in your body's code can come in slightly different spellings. These versions are called this, and some matter far more than others.", "term": "variants" }, "varicocele": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Enlarged, swollen veins inside the scrotum, similar to varicose veins in the legs.", "student": "A tangle of swollen veins in the bag holding the testicles, a bit like the bulgy veins some people get in their legs.", "term": "varicocele" }, "vascular": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the tubes that carry blood around the body.", "student": "To do with your blood tubes, the pipes that move blood everywhere. Think of them like a city's water pipes.", "term": "vascular" }, "vasculitis": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "When blood vessels become swollen and irritated, which can block or weaken them.", "student": "The body's blood-vessel walls get inflamed and angry, narrowing or damaging them so blood struggles to reach where it is needed.", "term": "vasculitis" }, "vegetative": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A state in which a person is awake but shows no sign of awareness or thought.", "student": "After severe brain injury, a person's eyes may open and they seem awake, yet they cannot respond or seem aware of anything.", "term": "vegetative" }, "veno-occlusive": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "Involving a blockage of the small veins that carry blood away from an organ.", "student": "When the tiny out-flow blood pipes get blocked, so blood backs up inside an organ.", "term": "veno-occlusive" }, "venography": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "An imaging test that uses dye to show the veins clearly on an X-ray or scan.", "student": "A scan where a special dye is added so the veins light up clearly, helping doctors spot clots or blockages.", "term": "venography" }, "venous": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to veins, the blood tubes that carry blood back toward the heart.", "student": "To do with veins, the tubes that bring blood back to your heart. They're the return route in your blood's round trip.", "term": "venous" }, "ventilation": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "Using a machine to help a person breathe when they cannot breathe well on their own.", "student": "When a machine breathes for you by pushing air in and out, helping when your own lungs are too weak to do the job.", "term": "ventilation" }, "ventricle": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "A hollow chamber, such as one of the heart's pumping spaces or a fluid-filled space in the brain.", "student": "It's a hollow room inside an organ, like one of the heart's pumping compartments or a fluid pocket in the brain.", "term": "ventricle" }, "ventricles": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Hollow, fluid-filled spaces inside the body, such as the cushioning chambers in the brain or the main pumping chambers of the heart.", "student": "Empty spaces inside an organ. In the brain they hold cushioning fluid; in the heart they are the big rooms that pump blood out.", "term": "ventricles" }, "ventricular": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the large lower chambers of the heart that pump blood out to the rest of the body.", "student": "Your heart has two big lower rooms that squeeze blood out to reach everywhere. This word means anything to do with those pumping rooms.", "term": "ventricular" }, "vertebral": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the bones that make up the spine.", "student": "To do with the stack of small bones down your back that forms your backbone.", "term": "vertebral" }, "vertigo": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "A spinning, dizzy feeling as if you or the room around you is moving.", "student": "A strong dizzy spell where everything seems to whirl around, even when you are standing perfectly still.", "term": "vertigo" }, "vessel": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "A thin tube inside the body that carries blood to and from every part.", "student": "Think of tiny pipes running everywhere in your body, carrying blood like water flowing through a house's plumbing.", "term": "vessel" }, "vessels": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "The tubes that carry blood all around the body.", "student": "Think of them as the body's pipes, carrying blood everywhere it needs to go.", "term": "vessels" }, "vestibular": { "category": "anatomy", "plain": "Relating to the part of the inner ear that controls balance.", "student": "To do with the tiny balance sensors deep in your ear that tell your brain which way is up and help you not fall over.", "term": "vestibular" }, "vipoma": { "category": "oncology", "plain": "A rare tumor that makes too much of a hormone, causing heavy watery diarrhea.", "student": "A rare growth that pumps out a body signal in huge amounts, making a person lose lots of watery poop.", "term": "vipoma" }, "vitrectomy": { "category": "procedure", "plain": "Eye surgery that removes the clear jelly filling the inside of the eyeball.", "student": "Surgeons take out the clear jelly inside the eye to repair problems at the back of it.", "term": "vitrectomy" }, "voltage-gated": { "category": "physiology", "plain": "Describing tiny gates in a cell that open or close when the electrical charge around them changes.", "student": "Little doorways in cells that swing open only when the electricity across the cell changes, letting signals pass.", "term": "voltage-gated" }, "volvulus": { "category": "pathology", "plain": "A dangerous twisting of the intestine that blocks it.", "student": "When a loop of your gut twists on itself, cutting off the passage like a kinked garden hose.", "term": "volvulus" }, "wheezing": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "A whistling or squeaky sound a person makes while breathing because their air passages have become narrowed.", "student": "Ever hear a soft whistle when someone breathes hard? That squeaky sound happens when the air tubes get tight, like blowing through a pinched straw.", "term": "wheezing" }, "x-linked": { "category": "genetics", "plain": "Passed down through a gene on the X chromosome, one of the two threads that decide a person's sex.", "student": "A trait carried on the X, one of the sex-deciding parts of your genes. It often affects boys and girls differently.", "term": "x-linked" }, "xerostomia": { "category": "symptom", "plain": "An unusually dry mouth caused by too little saliva.", "student": "A very dry mouth because the glands make too little spit, making it hard to swallow or taste.", "term": "xerostomia" }, "zoonosis": { "category": "microbiology", "plain": "A disease that spreads from animals to people.", "student": "A sickness that jumps from an animal to a human, like catching an illness from a dog, cow, or mosquito.", "term": "zoonosis" } } }